Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic 2 u1)o9k2 *xo4s7m vdps-djhzllfz3k- c5ve ftable or Appendv5 fl3d9x*s jcz7h-k2u2 mes4oov-k p zdf1l )ix B.

Name several properties of materials thatd1kixs3 nh avz2 ,9t8h could be exploited to make a thermometek vitd 2 xzs8a1,3hn9hr.

Which is larger, 1 C :y(, 4empr) ;q.pxlysfz hh5a $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumr)o+.;w:nt iakoj+ sb6c dac9 k,k /kj with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whats9/ w .+ob,oajdcrkk6ja+i:t nc ); kk can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum f4 9*99y0kfizk+a me iyeo-rhriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1 9er+eimfko904zfhy i9y*- ka.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li svnfc4r,u/e- near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dia/7:zfav* zxwk: egc(hgram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how igxv awf:*zh: /z7(ck et can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed r po y7ayfino)a/4/w8at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whraoonyi f8ap yw/)4 7/y?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofhvr63;id l j0b lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub x )z; oqwf9vn/of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andv;z wn) /qfo9x then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part .8 fjmzrq z2x.of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adf.z qxr 2mzj.8jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that ze)xrtu)t c 6:s/k (p,)2xrf iwhlyl- its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives riulwyl,z cr xe 2s))hp)tx6(k/ r fit:-se to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate aigb356 c7;xj hkq-ae tt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will5a5 nyvmau55w px s3v4 cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?3vn5u5 sxp5wma4 y5av

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pist+ 0/n5z.ktf-ou+rldv nq wg m2on), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tw.2 lnk5zqufrmo+dt/ -gv+ n0emperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged cyvomvxm2x ns ; ej6 ogdb*88w994n 5yin water increase or decrease if the temperature is increaxgm8 89oe vvs6b*2xwon ync md9y;j54sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the z3guub+/9c mbf1s) /gy e/ktc relation between average kinetic ener9ks ufutg y/bc1ze b3gm/)+c/gy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows pkphsa/7eofr.6 44ki from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s.-hp8 dnwd 0c uv8qo,c;ev6wi atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have toft9dfu i w 4)1s apx-zzi70r/q leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mxd1zi)p urf - f7zt9qwi0s4a/ass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wat0y, f (/ fzyabvh9tdk+er at room temperature. What can you infer about the 0yhz/(fk,9va +dy f btmolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfort;mynfda c4 2je0d,pe 3able than a hot dry day at the s4 dyafp02dcme j,3n;eame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water a//w6hgk b2vjhw5nk r9t room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but z n;teyh-4llsf1zl(- the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the1 ( h-lyftl4;szn lze- dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad slf-9 :vqnc):vdc rjl(;ko, riator cap of an overheated automobile engi, rlok c;q (:f 9rclvd:)vnjs-ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud 2whyv, bt .hw:wu.f(p in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram )i1; u5u waevlcopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number ina.dyvz6 1so*x a silver ring of tx ov.saz6y1 d*he same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whzp 1w6xt o8(o9;hx53eqpjmjc q4s8ui at is this on the Celsius scale?oe3i9omwthq5 j zx;pxu(16 j4 ps88qc   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13w+ +emun;;2mz4il yw1u/ br vb6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermolo ie4umhad,nr, /orca 4ec*j1o3+ z,meter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 4 oe,3,ardn+a 4j1o i mhr zuo,cec/l*$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bs z3km7r(jb 4tuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irobv5 x;i9*gt ,:.lp i: uu,dl)lf2hgykptm s-wn approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January ::)i9ls,m iy,2b; tful-gp p5 tgu.kdhwl v*x(average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole o ) c+v41jitd(7;w xvsw7wqwd are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befs 7dtoq dixwvw wv +wj;4)(1c7ore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water hf01:nb,s9s 7zdkl cr 4uik4 bat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will bevq- e5 qut(za( its change in volume if it is heated froqvzeat5(qu ( -m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1: iis(lxaiof v.o-8m 900.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watfsf 2f)o/bi0 h1i qeh9er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plzrjr6 ieym87c5/ gbm6aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nart *qq)c xd2fmmwvp75t-9fk p5row vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the k)mx 2fmt5fq-t5pd p9* c7qwveffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitya *+ufhaquu3. . fz*c3czoe6a $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of la9 d. jg,5hdfgength l and width w has coefficient of linear expang ad5,dgj.fh9sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrta87u/:cr xve ,z5x llopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clocntr88:2 f to2mo 8mdplk is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 rn:8o2 mml88 t tdp2of$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hfj+qvs-,kvc ,w9 s ka:as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0kqjs cw+ a-vs :9kf,,v.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotat m;xu,t ncfesh.:2qc 6zv d5j2ing about its axexz n ,;d .q6ujs22tvcchf :5mle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dm-)ty;8y+ ( /clfxdp ju3 nyjb v. ozwr;tc/d4esired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this (y+fytd)- ; vc 4pbyj/wj3nt8c/x mulr.o ; dzlength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steejx7 6vb,) :lnl eae.ztl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a:itjppy/f y+b5 bi6x )t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Khqc d;e4g(c)3r- ;lj3ctuqfgh9a3d lelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onulf. uv-v7p-5 rb6emhx)bt7 q the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thelw8e os2a on)59d4l vh Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air a x6 kdne)47bk5vjtg8)uz r- mv4r*clbt atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abo87v*u5tbrk dj6mebkn ) vcx4lg- 4)rzut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg5 ykce91)u5 g )qerih; yogjw-n0pl;ven at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21q ec.e1t6xk 7p.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.4ct hhnqmy,/p: j htp3,y xmtn2la(,/5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10:c0rnt4osbosd 99 ww -.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at xfb 0kswkacf/(u5narv,8.c.385 K?c kaw/fbf0 u(.kcx85anvs .r,   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofyu)0ov1 ec (3oe2nmz r $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itmv 3fbg ye+)5ms buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the v5yfbg e mm+v)3olume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a bucqg(s42q; at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.sdn /jfrf66a0+,,eeu .rj mu g0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child:,cv xt s i hxosazn9z5z)::bh0a-s,f ’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molehh 6x.ycr w9 5xeyfz3+,iw bq8cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howzf en - as:k7letmtz2c:gc p*:f28j c* many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of 42f7r;z adrcrpv-bz ; (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumvba g i92wld+hw-v; z+qlvq:)e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Lpff+ju,c n5-o breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant dens5op,u f nf-cj+ity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygenlh d 5 1uvjin 5/t(jwy-n,a5jk, ub0o7y;nfif molecule at STP,kj5if bu n;-7nntli(5jav5u1y0h j /o fyd,w?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at :jp4 wc y1.0hm5ryz lc.2z lfda temperature of about 6000 wjy c.f12h. 0zz:4rply5mdlcK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperxn 9vo5sz r:9fature is iv9nxo95 fs:z rncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 20onnidri2kdf/g0 l 18)gwu e 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,/20i g nkrnui8201gdlo)fwd e 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i.y63 sr v;xbpup+k4agn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while i-) h eq1cakxw +0ek2jtts volume is held constant, by what fachxk21+0-aewj )ec t qktor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv2rs7*xf1ascq0r p x2hen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatureek b457yeb1 4jd3x gs,dee) eze.i 8lr, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of b4k,j e84e5ebes ey71xd3g rz i ld).etheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculem , *xc pt zj0hn6xuyohm4(vwg9s, (n.s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygenoe - +9aq,fp*nxxdc6 n molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet;t6 tn l)sev3mween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wh; fowa0c826on todfiak 8+nl 3ose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinolw0oaad86 of3f2 ;itn 8 c+nkg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas x8(ayf-*d od ti.r t5ocan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu zyhg.0ei5+ki5chej y4e+vg/ m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatu6ir /sa;c-i h phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatn5:;58k9 d)sbtot hr- z bcgzqure is (a) n qcdk8)sz;5 bgz-9obt t5:hr 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a (ik/ ( rr5hygiday when the temperature i ihir(gk/5 yr(s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placj1coh.9k4 ,qc g8mauoe where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partieber9e n81(5enc -lzl1k, tv s0b+lfqcular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whil ,0b1n zf9e+se5r-nqbke ev c81l(tlch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofeyhy(jz7w2e:a4k. z h water is 530 Pa and the relat y.2ze kah 4h:ze7(yjwive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when:/rah :*u8lat5jyxs d the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is mcxifa7qd dts4 b;::iyu8 *7sboiling at a te * 87d ;csiyq: 4u7adbst:imfxmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voly g67tx0ggl7w ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinef 0xu /llr13/upq .tvt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (sex9 fk*ccd9,,w,y)am/ vh fivpe Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanxvvmp) kfy,9 ai, w,9f/cc*hd ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through ti) ,9i,p +:2 zh hxrhy tyyh1r4leplwy+ny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec9 lp 4lxe1yrw+,+ )h:t ph,hyyy2rhzitional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b j1((;yqx ,3sx;ycqi4q dcur teen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beexm2lhqrlh 97w-93l ppn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error . +r0oxb ii1m1 d)wo0t opc fmb2.rot0will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hottdr pi x.oo1t 2+b1o0cbf)oi0 m0wm. r, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After ma; z*:/,pmsm-m cyt. *ms qt4dewzb;unny balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas re c*ps-/w;e4*: ds .mmun b mzym,tzq;tmains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wi* v: ym(trbm)tdth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume t :(*b tvmty)mrhe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one9vfmbq2hcfd. )yahg + 0y+/ dy atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainpvdk*e sk0 knvk2,; a7able using the best available vacuum techniques is abouevpkkns2a0 , ;v*d 7kkt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hiiqz ki527 l6wss lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whas7k6wq l5z2iit volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo*p,,f/4 bkw*qm+ wy:on ssvo ysphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperas m/ bovknpw,ys:4w *of,*y+qture? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideay rb 8ka+mp9wh-qoz3 6l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 bf+omaztdn tw*/4f ,)70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value pq:mg6rmzvl6lwqdi+1mz u3+hq 3 0v/ of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earthdm3q/h w zmm66:0vp+ iqq13+gr vzull’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed /.sc(fdg/ spo8o25fqkg0 scpof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u*8+:jx (p*sk x6b6xc* pf2.byial -ouoylkw rsed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is8 p ayjyx- s6wicl*p(:6obf*r2. xbkl*kxo+u constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in am9ki2lkq :d/ j bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at uxf rio aeq1vhsjd*xn4-6b2eg2:+p+ 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundp7 /legnlg ++bx5du t5yiib .. the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas qa9z4t6 y*x nndh8+phpf+u5 * -nhdhfs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado a;b58da k i 9+2y)tqhnbehz9rpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur*g-j ke4m5w9b ghc j;4u7y sioe of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart6xc :dhre8 /kkh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls th8a 3zamsz+ w9vrown vertically upward at it. How many t wva s+zm3az89ennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphe0 bvh+lsya u kwou).(8rical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lak okhvb)0usyual(w8.+ e. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure i fogpp w:oj .nr)t;)p8n the air on the following two days: t ppn :p8oj .;ow)fg)r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whendy og 3mb/zy)x1f47qb it is a solid deep in themb x gbqo1)4fzy/7dy3 Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease