Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminu0ego fc(tvl3 :m? See the periodic table or Appendix B.(3fl ve t0:ogc

Name several properties of mateunyrf 5 x3y ;bx0ji2:prials that could be exploited to make a thermometerpy; i0x5r fynbx3j:2 u.

Which is larger, 1 C;g ,ayfmk )rkl)e)u2aqz1ozq-oh .x- $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,r .hfg (ue/rs,raj.5m but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about ur5ef,j.r hr s(.a/gmthe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted t1nhqb,awv8) so a strip of iron. When hevahns1q, w )8bated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansitv92 o.,-ildqm7yk(,medp vc on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the, ,tfil90 y ogjoj+ 6s3wjiv(lqpflx)/tg64i rmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch b0pv t,sj 34yxiw +ooiq,g6)jl 6lif/l(9tfj goth contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secre6; 6ahaq/k7 b/vkostion in the shape of a k6 6se7b/r;av /oqakh U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead a5 ik+ ids/9p5*yb/sqv u z rau(+jls(floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wate 5oryc s:vq4)o 48aecyjh2yv3r, the merce:hy8o v24c5sjv oa3y q4)ycr ury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or crv3- elc p:p5mk7wk d1ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. k1ppr v3 mk-lec5w:d7Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficienh): ojvep4qoa 3q-wh -t of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this :o) pqvj3ao--4hh qwe gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20;9qhfea zxs 5oxe;g/ry zpo* 70we8 7ij:xi1q $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its1xs e(6ko wu9awy s8pe *+g9vy bottom and top to bulge so badly the can willuvpy6x9y s (g*sowea+w9 k8 1e not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturmk59w m/ kbk mglvbhhvnf,j c 7f,nh*64 9o*o6e increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what h ovn6khmh,7fwlkj nh6bmv c /4bo95*9mkg f,*appens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc6xn5g +jo8 l xe0y)kdtrease or decrease if the temperature isy gtxk eno6lj0d 5x8+) increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s nt.i())m9e o 8pehzwe9pi8kjlaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averag) te 8em9poi8 kwje9 z.)nphi(e kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how G;c*v(loz0n uwe.lvf2ogg +o(ay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the37 bck l*d zbd,t387 h:ublllq ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to to9pt + 3c8lwcphe minimum speed an object must have to leave wp cplto3c8+9 the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than waterojs vl2hqe dn3p51vb03jh-4u at room temperature. What can you infer 5hv nqo2j 1sj3lepu-h3 db40vabout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th ugq7); : yjz5yr8rk,js.uhime same tempera8k)u yrsuz;y5.qhjr7ijm:g,ture.

Is it possible to boil water at room zua(um bd0w 5.temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperaturev;35 sxgfy 9cvxmli+8 is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hum;sgmxifvv y+xl8 c935id air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ov q4hky -lf q09:0ggpaperheated automobilehafkq :4 -gpy90ql g0p engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitx i*afzc:vga;./s /ozbrt amr qj+23+e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop+arzp(d1 vvd9d+- ksh,dpwl3per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram : 1ryyv7flax2gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass l7a2fyr: v1yx?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to wc.x3 i;8e ca 0glddajl1-h6t be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?;0-allct6 c1 8d. wda3xgi hej   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperayh+hhl d: p;d)3cq e+otures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has 8;)s i5o qo rg;8 eqaxc6*b;7kddzt5xu.dfcslength 11.82 cm at 0.0 def.uts 5xgbsdacc8koo6q i * rd;;;5 z78q)x$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs c 3j6 ehp,fjbkq5gd ujr(t+)u+wb 6:f12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built ozeh1putvmt ,o e8)t):f wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temper8 ee:tz ,1)t)putmo hvature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofte9+ufbr. tt1fr9 xg - 2bidswf9n used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) bebr .9t-t9wffsgu f id+9x21b rfore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 av0a4y*kyf- 4k(ug gy/ezd 8p )oqa 5t$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c,1f nh 7fnhsa,hange in volume if it is heated from,sh a,1hnf7f n 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fs qt z,9ny k0f2;sctw .uv;x5cvzui(/illed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2axm i/2 qq5;.:yzqoaz0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made oc )etgb0(k 8v sbdvd..f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentipl8*qs- 1e xapally one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to*sp1e xalq8p- the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i2 hcd+)(rovh)o6xj ys n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate1atctq-8j e qc1a 4at( of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi c-a q11ate8qjc tt(a4on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliw rxy ,9gy93apih5st. m czk2/d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock i ,ns,)8nujvpm9qu 8o,hue:pa s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 s9ujua p q,oe:hmvn8u),n8p, $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th(xja 7cj4jj gxd1:p.l2i1ove e bulb hj ox 1: 2dj7.ajv1g(xpjlic4eas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about o-gr-fc d8z nxiv3n4d 31 +uefits axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity 8f31 -ognx + 43civdezrnufd-$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has t3;t5fnch hv, tis7 n6ehe desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keetnci5t6s hn3;f, 7hvep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosd+ft rjsd30u) s-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm /-x gm*etm*-fud i*rxat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvd.ha +6vr+j6u/z pbfjin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t-sfh r)j;6ys;ce1o e pemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in tf3i xnq-2+-p zpi gglb g31qk/he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enoo q wrx344+jcroz4nc9v (jg 9gine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a49 4 4voo(rjcn9r+ q wczgjox3bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ide/06z;m x j .peyf/fpgual gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 v a.v csxjb,4;kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 v71+ t5 y3qdvopf8pex 6pcfp7kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gakv8i0 egz4r ,fs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contain/-jm tfoqv q4:.uo0rler holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3m rv0 :.q/toqju4of-l 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oaho 57yj)7 s1zem uf(af $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoya e m9x 1*/gf9vajhi;fznt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outah fx9zig;v1/m* 9jf eside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1azs k (xcc);a05 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ybr0,o+s+7d kphd )bc18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level as8jgq kx(vr .9dh: u/znd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of /5*kcx ja+ybg molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watebm 1- z:2h s.s(scwkdcr are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesznz57 r i7eb, + av*kr00xkily,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 3lkwo *55irj8 u; pjze5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale muwn o:7smfdf1 9k61 fi13kluthat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assw:k11nusmu 6 fdflo m731ik 9fume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average sz-g),;zjz k aopwo*7translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? psjo* )w, a-zok;7zg z   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the-05 j+r8m yu. fsj 6wotlso2ac Sun at a temperalaw-5utjss jm 6+ 82oo fc.ry0ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature a7ibtc4ot t:5is increased from bia4 5ct7t: ot0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s9v o-o mf9e.(oea d(ih: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms(-ae( foveh99o.mid o speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules zzco0oo g:f,ves p0f1uqy6-4 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constaht23nx+7 fmr/ ck7q vdnt, by what factor does fhqd2r7xvn/7m3+c k t$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ik9yn4nzz6+)+xchx zz kju5 x7: cbzv)n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases z 43ma /d4dhl:y /nwlhhq,.b, cynw7kat the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their moleculad3/kzy ,ynh7 dh/, 4h wl4qcml:nawb.r masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moe lqyw/czzm*m7 i5bwk59gvieu (.57slecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyf:1 9wb.ahi bk.oh 2jkgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule3vj8/dgnbp g nbt)bk9j2 aoxa3*bo49 s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spev,k-;v jje lm5ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living jvke5m; -v ,ljcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu;ef.1 ukwafe .re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran;ag- ) 1)+q rfovcdwfvium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what p yubuupru4,.)hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tkj:y:(rc q-hxemperature is (a) 9q:-kr x(jy:ch 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatefkym(t 6 rx,7q9yxd-mk p o(9dly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempe9m(o y9tk - mryf x6pddxk(7,qrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press/9.)fto0 nuc.ncm l bb ija8*cure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular p;wuobj7 j l9c:lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tb c;: 9jlo7juwemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on kaiio6d /8/exo2iyq9 a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rel 2/9 /iao qkdo8xy6iieative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the pe(:s2m(zhjk temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside /-t0hulu q2+f omtalz1,u-w sa pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature oft0ltha-q 1omu-f +s/uw2,l zu 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room odok q; 4,3;nxo0ilz fhf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dbu- dhr7lwxo(,r 73/t-7wn usbytc: hew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table qt )j-e5rmyrm 17v)p w13–4) to diffuse a distance 5r)mr )tvpe1y qmw-j 7of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of xg2qr c3el:b p,. dn4sinsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secs3dqgb :cr,x e42 ln.ptional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measur lyfni582rx4 gkmol;gnj(+jmk5l rd(/ ev69ce has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mea1ddp3w -+yc3nc9b1*yxow ti/ nbh3hb sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrates 2a4j/kv+xacd at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of co+ a/jx4c s2kvaol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiaa h. immk55k 8w)wq0dflly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 )iamw 5hmd. k08w5qkf atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesx t 6l nqwwhewhw0o,2bga)6/ - in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height6)t0wxlw6wba n2eh/-go qh,w 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom 4m9 vw;w sd +x.z(cifxper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best egq2,zu)s w6 m1uyaf8available vacuum techniques is about g6qe u, s)wmfyza u812$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity 86nsdq iwl oajp1 6h4wz 7(it:/oba*x of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adn1 6t7adzpswl o4*(x6/iwj h:o aibq8visable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s n )do9n0n 3kf; 4n6d+yrpp (igh: djocatmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentri3od 4 knyh(6njg:rcpn; +o0f)pd d9n y.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from y9x:8ligod vk.u3v d*110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumek ak;+93gf8d+zwfyj w of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prest4m .3fg rq5vdx/dx9 usure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s at. drxq9t f54g3/ xudvmmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a2: vp3llkip9n 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = g i,0c1ebf.o f2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if thib ,cf0.f ge1oe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bovo (x u 8u(rxec1k0xo. xq*,tvbw 8wd9wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineq7+leq eg0hh-5v9 tdx2js o(d at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aror m*sgi xf+))cg oiykr47l5j5und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ont8foz4ahx nt (z1 / vvaqhz90z:o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar5wkt5n42+2 qq5ho7 tog rtaqv4jaq8 m6s lr 5kd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a presb8apj6bgkw 9 l *4ky*csure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th,zll 0q,jcb7 gvev) ptd1 -ke9e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid iy,)xv5vvh* hz0q-tab-wa lfn29t 3in s suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assu)ax0*w anhttvv vybn--95q 3li h2zf ,ming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-3 /gpw/*nfp lm(f )rkqcm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cogrp /k p )n*w(q/3lffmnstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watemlw(tz.tmw) x+qv; /k r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: tt.mwx vkzmq /w +l);(
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differc.esm w*--jn qence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tq je*s-mnc.w-emperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease