Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tablx( lp orf- 5qbs1y:xx,e or Appendix B xxx-l1bs oy,qf5r (:p.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to c76/.k2u1 b mrn0g3e/ lgttkhq(qmr tmake a thermometeru k mbtl/(t/gmg73kt1n2qrq he06. c r.

Which is larger, 1 Cah0x-36sx3a8u wv din $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B cdv0weu6u 2j)j r26gw94 k+vq l(ria yis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, a k+ rwj6u62dvw) jre2gc(q i vu09a4lynd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ad)ikl1bti /;of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wilad)i/tki lb;1l be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear:t1frxq 3r fo1 expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of awlv3 +zc8ydu6xlabw :z2/mk- simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two szaxu/ 3z 6:8+mdwcv wyk-bll2 trips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectidu fd)h-7e(.go/j*6;.zryrf vfg p4daa1j ofon in the shape of a6*gv z4rof uj(rddhyp/-daj .f)eg o 7a.1;ff U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercn:iw8zvhj8 eqki-y (kliz; hp 4 j+xhvi..g;6ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedvjxlx *m (y6x. in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiall6vjmx(. xlxy* y descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rap-e;qx x- q; bwjhg c4dqyo0(0d- 0uiuhidly than adjacent ;b qq--h0uweg(jq 4; d 0 d0i-yxhoxucparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass isn : (rx6hbcrz- that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resishrz 6rn bc:-x(tance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock*1c oelyu;q,xas s7yudf* (6f, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its ya6q p*a3rvd m-y2p f5bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wil 2apydvm5yf3-q a6* prl not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing3bvke t g*+a cpk i00pa4p zxspvr27-4 down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usitv0p 4ap3epgb x4+ziskvr 2- k*pac70 ng the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decg5bdkh4j ra :5+y( bocr-y;mlsn* - pnrease if t5;*yb:sbj r-dnyoag -kl(crn+4p5hm he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatio4dtowo ,:sq66:)qc/sclmd f cn between average kinetic energy and the absolute teocs6 :qtcqc o:dw)s46l /m ,dfmperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows afj( (msdb9(gfrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, theic ;ty9ai3 r l9a*(zuj ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe i0kqt078b/zqmt( m1kpvwd4 ped an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. E0pwz k7 k/qdbvi q4t8p1m mt0(xplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl lh*bb2 mt83 .mrkgy 2wut+*qly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative t3 g*2* hltm +ubb. 2ylm8rkqwto the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tgwm1 x-0oc*3 on)ut pvhe same temp-wucv t3*)n0op mxgo1 erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem-2zp/pfglo3 vrbvirwgsd(l5 3n9 0h: perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humi a9budt8x ;4eudity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Eubud; 89a xe4txplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aux* o+ 9t ddzloy/ygp-8tomobile engine. d+yxd 8-og9/ozt*pl y

Why does exhaled air appear g:qh/ h,zrlb2j78 dmdp fv(5uas a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cill7,;bm k wp8opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the1 il ehf7a.oyeghy,h48mo+quw e )z ;eu p+,l7 number in a silver ring of the sam uy7 eowp+)eyufz,ho ae.;1h7ie4 lh+gmlq,8e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often7 boiak7nsl;2 taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?io2bnlk7a 7s ;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temprxoaros/ 9.qm j/m7. leratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm aptab2bcq3 .3z t 0.0 t2 3 pbzc.q3ba$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bt0as1* .se(zhex r o/juilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approx2g1v u6a .fcmsimately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betw fcamv21g s6.ueen July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar*r.u5l(0 rlutvnn ya- ugmxq9 9*mb/ ce larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hol g59r(blv*qynul0nx*9amm /u -trc . ue. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterjdg x+u log222qf8u+0xxe -xv at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm w/nk sha0yor) m+-j 6sin diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hea 6jas) -w nyh+rosk0/mted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wau7 gye06/cku jw0a6f2u ed+bnter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water al(h jup:-joaa6ac 54/fo/ah nt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is tpjwy ,zkkew-0i 9qe3 +o be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contai2rdu7nd.g xx7ned in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficdnrdxgux.2 77 ient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thvm4.ptvp *jstrgo ( a0cakv001mh -n 1e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w han5h4w6 z(l sc9v;urjbs coefficient of linear expansi9bjzcv;6l(urhw 4n5son $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, lm3ieymw0*18(n np)gf d0h wq$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of br9c l 9sthl4de6z*gf : p)rxm s1ef7v9dass and keeps perfect time at 1spgcfhlf6vt9e 1 x4 le)m:dds7z 99*r7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofi4z3/ w qo. au(cp3u-fcji3yl 0.140 mm. The bu 4ciyp 3a-. f q(ujlz3iu3/ocwlb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiu6.v ugeh a6gh uffqh9;6 v.vdo+k zr5)s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu9;uh uof)h 6g+e khrq avz5v6v. gdf6.lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15nanh5o./ zdy: °C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatu5anzyn/:o dh.re increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross- m4 71tuaizeacjs+;h (sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20q ya/q536c4(cf y/ a glpmf,df$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelltjejxc 8mibd w((689vin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scals ,ft0ze2v0nmu 9cpiw2;k 5x le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and (7lyrt--b/wb0 cbxr lSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmtzodb1qudu+k7u5g m : + f+m4sospheric pressure and a temperature of abuud+g +5k 4+bfz dtq:somu 71mout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen n2)nd7oz,pho0yu3 b h f7 mo,wat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni i k)m; 3583lzgagc wii)+tvlutrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nita hg.g6a ;q8jkrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 9hfs*3 ho xz7meaht4z89www4at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insideho0 + 0st:-ueg ih2npy a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38e0-:no+p h0h tsiug2y5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.046o5zt j1.qo whxah.apu ;qq6 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ins7,a ,ej liih/zide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is /za7,lj,iehi 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air xub)jtj lztep.0a18 -at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 u7,n* nctc)zpc9 ;gr v4j5 evn as0ok/$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 iwtf u9)53,0ageca fz $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecumhd:) (3mnfc5kv5 nujles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculeoi-uq4+qh)t zs?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ok u9:;bc llfpyw3.k9 yf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeql 82p 0rnx6r9ah( dkn 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of a4.wol ,bqc c9tc (u*jcir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Ass,c9 cou*wc4 (bclqtj.ume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy og/(:h4 k r3x4el-zjnsi 4ohkpf an oxygen molecule at STP? s4ieh 44z3( gkrxo :ln/kh-pj    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tv4w 9bnget3xwow/,a5 he Sun at a temperature of about /ww5tnb9wea3g, x4 ov6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gjx 8-nclp2dt-as molecules increase if the temperature is incre-cx2l d-p jnt8ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sr 0f9h:dty;2 snve0ya peeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms stafnr:y s h0; y2v9d0epeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga/b d-eblemosk74it a88s..ljs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is he:smk-3 grqw+x*. frcnx ;wk0kld constant, by what fa-3;qww kmrc k*xgfr0x :s.n+kctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesxqx9n 5,e,x6l +tbc ys in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the 6vvu+g z/ 61ii.pmz zf)wy0firatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio owf1./ pui z+vg vi6yizf 6mz)0f the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed o5uy2wnfkh04 rf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed oq( )4dii.l:vkdj riz*f an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molt2vu)y -10+p yvuhldz ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spe84pcvjv5dr0v, fxv1kur5 emnl0+ob 5 ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at l dvx+vvm,1kr4pe5 b rno c f5vj80u0537 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P g2 op hvvn):gbv :y1ig3fzd3 9of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urdhgow .f9 . ):wv+twddanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can9a)4rcstq s 0y $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and ;g-;z kfd/;;p ukaregr9j 4uithe temperature is (a)gazg rirk-4d; uf/ju9;e ;;pk 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dasz *6sub4izj q;-. ghky when the temperatur4igksh*j 6z-;qbs. zue is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils op *euhqp ;r+qymmkj ,i(8j *-:gxwi(at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es) e +jfk3g75fy4vwfdqtimate the temperatur5fvdg4+e q wf )7fjyk3e at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whet: g*8iamd6wxn the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is:gwxi a*68d mt 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a wxo ,hgubt l8r0j 0g64day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bou(7c.;.:z(y,rh a za w tgl lz+lo-ubciling at a temozl r:-(ua 7 ;ccht.l.bzg ulw,a+zy(perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room n/ hiv3e4lc7e(emv vn3fd/, q of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of .r/ry1(jpz ep wvd*c:;yn/pl 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gly8m. 4d ayohof:g3-me ccine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1y4m 8:gchfo.- ad3em o5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tub. vkq ;9ph/iq 9oakqy6es called tracheae. An average trache.q6 qpkqovh9;y /9i kaa is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meaed3xq 1,f7xw g+r; qybsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at:zszv,(8qg ch 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated n*+o hb8ms *6bot .xtrat normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cx8*n o + t*.6hbbstomrool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gdzvoog *g -ayr .c:/a:as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whaaz-o/dav*.c:g: o yrgt fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of 4-kpa7hdo(w6ha ( fez length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the twa-pod6k4f(7a z ehh(emperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p,jr(1 tvdnz8p kke68 per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure att- dplabrt,3 nwue* t.4ainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou-3lrt udw ,ne bt.p*a4t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs r :(z z clqnt;5r3fxe-to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, 3r f:qz r;-x (zec5lntto what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returys:()gc lll1c ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecu(yl:c ls1c )glles (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11(9hli tc ij -i4b 9mxt.wg0:ew0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77dra6bkaql(0tv x -zoeh-9e 6.0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure a *mg1(qn7udwh k bi2i9t the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. 72nu *hgi9dmw q(1ibk    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ne:ux(* r fv40 wxbvbk/2vyk3c itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi ol y).d*wlvz*6/fqg p(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the fg/yl6w)dz*lf* .ov qplow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquixl qf5no vy.kt;0f :z6d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin*x-) s5wto qlce at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator 5s 9fb2s2pf;ym j z:g9f iktq1at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas; nwz(sbfnt3n1g7 r7kzs1k, gs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tvw b oas62 2uvv2fz)l0he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2)njg, .z wx ezgm1*h5r0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is a43gc j5xsj3lytv3n.6 wf. sg$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agp*uw68ph(k -j blprd+ ainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/spp6w*dub l -ph (8j+rk   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3 8b +-d6 nzebj6a*di+uwj;msd,d t q1f.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when ;dj1*fid,s6j eqwdn b6-+zbad + u8mt it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in thenqyh3 bm /z9(j4mf/yf air on the following two days: f49qjbm/n yfmz/ yh3(
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at hh phukd33xptx: 1rx4. 3*lbdSTP, and when it is a sxdtrhp xx43l phk1h*d.u3 3:bolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shv v2 6:tuvfbuiwk v6vd -1d*j:ow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of v v w6jfk*vvu u2:v6bd:vtd 1i-olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.