Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1p;u qmtfz28/:y lbh s; kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or;u /flyp2 ;mqszhtb:8 Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a th -)k9 9 xzcnpipaos3h8ermometer.9p 98- phc isxkn)z3ao

Which is larger, 1 C jw* 5ff+4x a9zymsn1g$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermaxpy2m ; u,qag+l equilibrium with system m+, qa2y;upgxC, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumjcti jgt g8.)e e3+y-l )n:7plor7zyfinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal rl7y -zg+g )j:tf ieyntj7p)e3 o.cl 8will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coa :s4nls:lxwer) +/t)da -+lmqq kg 8iefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple ther-,g5x ukgpga , pdv,g7mostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercuxd,a,,g u-gk ppv5g 7gry that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofyd xu k5821twf a U. 2x1wkd tyu5f8Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea7+wszvlbf7x - gr 3 5 r;wyasnf9.so0od floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plavh . 3bqfkgi*uyu.t( ;i7zaozo ,l8u1tgnj/:ced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then r; hui8ag(uy ujz qtol,nv7:*.igk t3b/zo.f 1ises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it g; (tobd1(eap) wxfe2on7u:bp z(ns,is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.tzfdns(2 )b;wpo(nugx b:peo1 , e a7(

The principal virtue of Pyre sm;f;o )zg(x wqf/7vjx glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased (;wx7/o)q;smjfzgfv heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc eo43a4uv*xj jbi0.lgk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus+cd u65xck8k le its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not sta+ 68kx ckldcu5nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comv h2-sr o9dw;u3ooh:xpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes ino x vh-horuo9w2:3ds; temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spkf 3 +eatwc- aiy +:dos,4-wavb e7n1qhere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from4qtb - sevcd:an37ak - fya,iwo+ +w1e 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s 8rfo:6ku:i z elaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kiok::u f8z ire6netic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fzef f5 6fs1jhja)(l +vollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, fiy w)9 mj0ixwo19f*/xin1d g,la,i k the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimuq+edzlf ya ;bm 8u1u0.m speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicallyl;0m 1u.uy+eqf 8zbda no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water 2(skygo *sf d5at room temperature. What can you infeo d5kf2sy*sg( r about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tas. 15gq587hzy0evt/xwm yo+ :zxgsn han a hot dry day at the same temperatu/wtv58 +yg.z o5xm1a :gyhsseqnxz 70re.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe *q9ws8:ll/uykn 6c(yxl vx/urature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper mnsdt, aba;34ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more d d4a,bt;3asmn ense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheaji..gh7th. a;ywmgp p8f86 rated automobile engine.78j.t.w aa;8p6i hmf prghy g.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wi1v(( fqci jw( .h*rvtr. jb1tsnter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram 7+bssfw7 r;facopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nu9th vm2 n; x/28o(v ft( jnsjg48wjigamber in a silverm82 /jfj2 o8n4((vx9hnj t ivs;wgg at ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is tkrc /y-ok5z twmj9++often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ryz5co+ 9wtt-kj + mk/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded ar)3zvaj. nhe hke1a7 +cbx *p6ue 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.8f. *:s z 8lk*tvvszto82 cm at 0.0t*:v .kos st8vl*fz 8z $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long x7jz8y 1*cxr vi6* lwn(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately xw y2s4p2o q2i300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Jiwyx 42s22qopuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that arqq :g/e4v x yv9mg.dj4e larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usuall9qgev:/ j g4v.ymdx q4y in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 j 6s4t0efe/auto)7)zc g7g ef$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c7x y(dz g7 +qt75pa3s),wby 7gw fptoehange in volume if it is heated from 30 7 )s,t7oex wb5g3y7t+fa qpdg7pzy( w $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water aj(a (lc,w gfc- v0vld6t 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water amgx d3q2/1 sqj+cf b i.vtv+)at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed(jfscz8wbvvs s70, kr25b6gx in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in esshkqz,qyu i:.8f )z cn--nqdjq6 2bkk 7entially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is,i -uz-fqknc28h.6 qzqj:k )b n7qdk y approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change iw mc5 9vl;k0kmpxe s:2n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient ybj 4 j2sq*;1sycgom0of linear exo1sgs0y4j;m 2 b*jcqypansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic30 n c y5w.tz;/u yd6sehgjjf2 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfdv 8gja2uz2;vgmn. x fg+hj/;ather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1/v2hx2 dg+.;jfj;a gnvg u8zm7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of zi n,i/, * sejsi5mdtf1yj10u crr.:w0.140 mm. The bul mn*tsjfw0r:y/ 5,d1sc .zij, 1ueiirb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abofl9o: zzj(f:0jq900v 8x(m hupq,h*rxug v heut its axle on frictionle ouf0ex:9f:zjxu0hz *pvvhrmhq0q8j9l g( ,( ss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress iss2zaomnv , ;,c required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases m,z so2 vc,n;ato 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional7 ugrep f k(sq4f0ak-.3 d,zdc area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13 -x0dlh2;nk8nmk8oayj uv 2j94.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalew-fms/j- uz0vrm 9su1:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenaoa * mxk6;q;mfy:u7aheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the1d9).jlv zzkl)cw 6ge Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiwuxmei8 q5zez3zg y9qro)tio 3 .x611 on engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about. )uz oow3 x95iyx6iz1q3er m g8z1tqe 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofophh8ak,6*pdy 2 z ;nr oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg y) uy0(ecxa o0of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr k8* noj/d::)otuxci .tx(thdogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliucn3ag5,3 jno: cspq(a7ah2t i m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure uzsux uf5v8nw2k+; f) inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?kf fusu2;vx+wu8 n)z5    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg3x;g s ubaxlqgh u*7h2bimvo, 0c)(t; of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by he;3.xfy.nm5wf l7f dm y e,hiupa+s )n;ating the air inside the balloon, which makes it le7mn..ypf )me+swy 3 fu; f; lhdnaxi,5ss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air lchw zcka;b96ts89 8e at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.3x6ab+31yemm7izn n f 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and l,1x hyvbwd(n/tvwcj 8. v c:.20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu7u6 gt7cx hys2les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in cwg91d,t/fudm r h5g4qblf**jgug *61.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ot:kec 7f ug bmu26(,tdf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.19zysj3hqs* +.na t,ec :hmr/c 3tovh5$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werp.gzom*tjv zepadm7nd6 )1(3wj0ez5 ma nd3-e also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thezep (m.a0) nng d -3p5j dojzmatd*z7em3w6 1v atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mole3ii 3 y*wkla)afgepx e2/;k- ecule at STe/2 wk;-y3gf xei3 k)ae*iaplP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface ocq47tk plvhp s13oia (mk-0* of the Sun at a temperature oh0 o tplp* v7ocska4qm(3 i-1kf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculeg1ssoxd)x5. ; 8 qnjrws increase if the temperature isxs x ;1q.sowgj5)r 8dn increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folkbh;pblz 9bk;u f.s++ 7xm:fnlowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate;.bpsn+l + bhkf 7;:zx9u mfbk the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in o ib6p0i7kxa)a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is//soqb8eq( qu held constant, by what factor/ q b8osueq/q( does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speeddz8l,iozxgu -y1.. qu of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tistmic 58+ 08 icgrn*m.bxp9hwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse tpiis grm hx+95i.bmnc*08c8 ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai*mzi* 4 vqn ybvz-i3i2ned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molezfd v9b9 dnsz.z thc-7/v9d+dcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betxafkk 2* *cpqv; l1j/fween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a ios12 djv+)q,i*ytddn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 d2y* itd i1 jq+,dov)s$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenqq f 48q u5gibl-ju s7i*(i ieaec-:1y P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uvg 3-ssrn, 62i fimkv6ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre0pyg lg em+*8,ik6efc5nq3 hm2 fzgl.ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (;mboy3y y4l:p( mdk8 ba) y;mpo 4(ybb :kl83ydm90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when thjccx /z4v63jk e temperature is 254z c63/xv ckjj $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at fvyapead / h* 6gb).ad3w5f8ga place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part vrcc 5zo71pkl,m/v7c icular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wate,cmp7/z5 ocvlv7 r1ck r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watern3xqver.+df o(l1i j szkp 8yfr, x/-2 is 530 Pa and the relative hu oky+-vnrz8(1xdeff., 3ljs q/2rpximidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o;sbbv 22bc2 hzg 90+)hfdzu8yyv(gftf water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water iu1tiyw1z +y9 upe7s1m s boiling at a temperature of mu y +p11e9sw7u1 yizt120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a viv-w r93+h0fm*duik8n (lqgroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinbvgcfc/d )n 2 j0pa4n4ju (+jdt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycii;,v;d gt tvnx8:nz0t ne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 ;0gin t,tdvn;: z8xtv $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insect.m5/(ti6g jo e*2u k2z4k :dsktdwkyks to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lokdk4zs: .ej6y/2 i*mwu52 gdk(ktk otng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2eec7:vmvj a9zjsv;*zc(k ,v * 0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 m 3,-:xhlwtxg0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How:y* c2x5ucmaj l8,+ +mfei+t;fmxgkh n2q h6t much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the ciyga+ hf5+f*x ctm 6+8hqe tm,;:n2xlm u2cjkup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium k )(+a 4ng mt*jlp,rgfgas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains igf,tp(* 4mkla+grj) n n the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air nc-1olyq ya snye:58jz8lebnx:z. (1molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume th 5xl .nbj1 e:l- enqayc(88z1yznsy:oe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter /uw2-xit tv7t is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vac:y2 ivuups9*g3hq o u9uum techniques is aboutgipo2sy 99uvuq3u*: h $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m 1cvpl o5w9.8ylxbt9r below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicko.lp19rb 8y wl5 tc9xvly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the y f +m.wj+m5vaMoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made aym.f+w +5v jmof special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas i5fa (wozd)i9 n8u*jcpzcw 2e(s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m/(,opciyk6c:a3n.lgh z md3o$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimkr( :rfbdm5s .ate the total number of air mfb r.s 5:kmd(rolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o-i u8x m45 xo5ik1d3wuz)dmi)e4cap zf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =49s.b6gkpg + ddje pd6 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is c.4j+6 k pd6sdgb9dpg eonstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0y n ;gmxtk -u20n+zbs,$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 1.t*sy /ddc sp0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the E,n m yk qd8:*bp/ qu;mmn *3h:vgbtl7aarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigawj ml:+uu3b*6 nyfx3oque6jl 7wc5*htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard-fxj (o wkg60il5h9rtuz9f1;du0 wo yf4fej+ , adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure o;w5 nh9a1oq v-f6 tvpx x,uknnj//: wof 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart2/ vt. 0njbciqh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ot5 (brc,er1tis suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verti or ,1t5cre(tbcally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a d 1/cvi8i,hrvn epth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reache/n 8 icih1vv,rs the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the ai) dm:*m bt g9bavyx;nj)zkp4 1r on the following two days: nb9dbk4 t)g1vy );zmm:*paxj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, ahjti6 x1zr 4 147bnlglnd when it is a solid deep in the Earth where th 711xglnl hj bt6i4rz4e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g; ju j4s;9mgxhas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is ; g9;sjjum4xh equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.