Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See trwh*2c-4zd9xf gdyc (he periodic table or Appendix B.xd (fcdh4* 9r cwzyg-2

Name several properties of materials that could be )ywgb kh4s d5m4,gir;exploited to make a thermomete5mhgwyis) r4 d4kbg;, r.

Which is larger, 1 C 0 n)l5lv 7y np1-5i.dd mkcqvp$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in t u:rps)dw k5c+5c. zqnhermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, andn: s 5k)wzqu cp.+rd5c C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to aig (2nwc 2-zv pvg4v(o strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on th-( 2w gvp gviz4voc(n2e outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear en1kpi: v c gdzof4m-b4yp-q85xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a scihku 7a bj4k8 uh73;mq/ cm+vtvia-;imple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling systema +ai/hk;cvmku vh3jm7ic b4-tq;7 u8). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section *gqy(8e6cm p lb p y6au+vxz1:in the shape of a U. Why?: yl 6vma6x (ue1 p*yq+z8gpcb

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo hh8x0btdjg 6 cm2;kd,ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer s+ xeca1tzh29lm -2okis first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit aaxltzo9 h e+cm1k2s 2-nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mora egrn1w.nnjw pve j3-6 7*es8e rapidly than adjacevj*aepnrne -73.gw 61n 8 sejwnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue o 4,yg 0)253rgsgj gorm 1p,mtojxitk8f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glasso jojgy 5g4xm8k31m2,p)srt ,tgr0gi (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura*tdux vxjf8 03 htm tmo56,7ia.fei-b+ kl/hn te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its boteh/bk rzsc0l a(kk ;97tom and top to bulge so badly the can wikkk7( ra9;lceb0 s/h zll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itq0j ) xef. xzcb-cat5*s temperature increases*bz. c-f q)x0ct5eaxj. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasef0 n*f 9fc82iem;fmkb or decrease if the temb fmc9m* 0fiknf82ef ;perature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinej mw+mn99(qjqm4cfh*tic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the9qncw4jh mm* (qf +m9j absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t/ f 0chxn(b yfrtm*,12/5v *c hluilkwheory.

As you go higher in the ( k 5ozmbqs01rEarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thee769lwg - 570xvsv 4ha5 whxtd2jazra Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esc5a2a7 9zh -g07wtdj haxv46ws5exr vlape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatux djyv1 un9xfg 4;(p 0l5z9hgore. What can you infer ab9j59u(; v 4npxzh01gxol gdfyout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day isx /idpkb. 3w-y far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same 3./wik-x bdp ytemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 g h*4/s1s zbqrm* q-pvt6 )qbb$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperat x:1)b;fd u1hva db,zt(on;m zure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Exp h1f; btnzb)mozdxua(;d1:, vlain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of pdafn1u;.:p .p+x ezf an overheated automobile.pp1f;u+zea. dnfp x: engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28c,+kf b*vbtd3)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennnc* 73 qkwxb m 1fx8a/ysq65miy?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comp8my1sid2hze +7 urz5s,j qv6xare to the number in a silver ring of the + xv8zd72eyzjh sq s1,5 u6mirsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ceny p9uj:bp 2utuivw9d 2/ 0y7xlsius scale?bn/u990 xwuu y2yp27:djvi tp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lobr y*p 2675jrqx;u6 aqwi+6owvt8kjywest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermhcxo7mgu:.:bj(gf -u ometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0gx-(.bg u:fm:7couh j $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m9br5fm/ 8g jkf long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29)nat 6,.omomie5 y,- p rnk3 vw8og9t:i is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturn:i6 gi,k3.wro9m pt t5n- ,8y mvaoeoe of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ri ywxaqr6. :.a/gis9w jvet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.qasi 6.w g 9./yaj:xrw871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4rv oa mwoo9g6v5u/2*h $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm ik(s qgx680p0(fa c-f; qof otjn diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is he0( qp k6;sxq0g8f fc-(tfjoao ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filley/vygb( p3aa,d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat 3sn4l r3gs/joer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mav 1xx7( c8 h*c:dbwctmde of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained ia( 942lj3 ll*jkqr;ax ifk1s in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansionai34s1arikkl2j ; ll jf( *q9x $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tr sg.+ulc7um,kq7l y1 f6(pflhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient 99oa 3pas z9irz5aqj*of linear exz 9i5 o3r9 j*qpszaaa9pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropiq-u)yf )*vwk0kc tv5 v-4wwvlc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time au;rnb /62mbgrn6i2kfqp 4 m.6c kwz1pt 17rgw.r6; 2zk m6pmcb2 1i/u np4k6qbfn $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mej()-ad 2pa ziqrcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 i 2pazj d(aq-)$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum c9gz,+ rqm( ldpylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angularz+mql rdg(,p 9 velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the de ixgmn-i78 ymr84oy4lsired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at 7-4ym8iy84 lnio rxmgthis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stee(1*xpqjkmt1 5 jwjc k(exj:9ev q)xbgi t;/i :l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm +z3vnis.xk g+ / 8ladu eg;y0eat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturer+ sg 6b3d wzegv;t wix. e.ml-863riis on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperbl5f)2 hn w7xg8y)l(rah3:fk v 9i jp7cv yvz5ature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of twyx+ 4 vs:0nd3mj9e sd0rfw(m he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustsq i;d *hfnf9/: ya-gqion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofyfdingh;/-qq9*a :fs about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idm a dq9lo(ugmpp4y937eal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroqb2)t1-f vrx ygen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 h6,bgha n6a2ikg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium/w w1 rk3oa;ctqd;2wn gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containe g6jk c;u1; vq:qnb0xsr holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 0qs :kbqn;16j;gxvu c385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o4)+ob: zqq2 svq c7vee ip 8zi;mts1w.f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating th4ggp+fi qp+ 7gf+ax6be air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo4f+pg f76pba+g xgq i+lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit i3(3 zls-e pcpvej3y5h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 uawmye)(a10g m)km /v8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level oxr7(z z)ocfv4w+ b :vand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculx;k x98egg+o*mr i3 fpes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00y :/e0 ufrmyt9d(l)x s0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moz0ld*1wj7mp28bcg +km3ih m kles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 1k f*-xzto7vta /yf;e5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thx.6rpa aq +4j9faraooxb (1o-at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu fxoa(+ 6x-rba aoq.jrao94p1 me the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at 89m1ichqux . cSTPh1x8icuq9c. m ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofe: j6:8byrzv0 hu ila) helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of )vjhr::l0b8zui6 aey about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mv- eg ftaq*m9fch. l7t1z:0omolecules increase if the temperature i-.e t 1:a9zmogq*v0mc7hfl tfs increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4ch) / qb.9 cvg(si5b2ze-l0 *qxipd lw, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,lhqbz.*25cv q/sb dcl9(i g-pw)x 0ei 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i+w5e81 byha-poajx4 k n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constanlied wyocfx9e /u sj;5+ yp-)+t, by what fa)5s jxuee -9wcfydli;y++op/ ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givena5dy*r r t*ew: o8dp/u +z.lgh by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempera bpnwzvfapqiq7e2.6ejm .l w3/ x9p::ture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equa. /wwpfe79n2:b qj36q izelpa.vxmp: l to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conl) q 6:jndc,b0(hjupstained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule gv88q9cipc c. r-2onoat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecux0a xzqh31dk+ u32 bowr- )llhuv(2 males at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecu:xx als1 :uwr-eh/ z.qlar mass is 89 u in a living u.wlx:hzeqa x/:-s 1rcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P p2,-p0/md tnhlyyt6bj :m sl5 = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of c /tx+v+t07nq:wpqco uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cga*hu ,o/trs3an $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the (go2jsqjyk :4e2 bvwv yhu:m94-uys +rn, y *dpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 2 gsour+-qyje9:4,*nm ud(y:khyvbs2w y 4jv 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5o6uia6r5/ jjk )z 1xl*fp e7rj0% on a day when the temperature i6ep6 j u l*i/zx 1o7ajf5)krrjs 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place bd1zkqs;,7*g zl/l ny where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the (upkcj0mw td*(d-a2 qmountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whicd( ca0q-(* wmk2tpjudh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial zj65,d * 2:tch t7mk +2ntcxqlrrwah5pressure of water is 530 Pa and the,*q27c2m athx d 6lrk+ct5hjwtz5:rn relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of war1w,iht 5k3vjter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wate po)r am:6ve-pr is boiling at a temperature of 16rom:vap-ep ) 20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680::p inj+al1q54rm u5ryv3hbc5nhop5 )w 1 elw$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew , vle)w e gw ::l3fs c-r(fq/3koowg8fpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1 9kkfi3)tiyter 922gy 3–4) to diffuse a distan) kk2er92 giyf3iytt9 ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throm kvxht(a+eup6 3fhma ;0aj sq)4z: 3mugh tiny tubes calle3mspq:m4vm;h ka(ua0 z )xjf a6ht3 e+d tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has *db,oexuw5qa /.w a *obeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20kkviesy 5j6j.s 80y4 a$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperanb 6ae: mmst;at5s7l+ture. How much error will be e76;mana:l5s s+t mbt made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b2;s3ui64ds l j)vv( lq gacg-i9nehh(alloons have been blown suvjg(cq4h i) vsial2 lh(;-d3en g69up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecul usuygb,o 7m:1es in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asb :7ugmuyo1, ssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of:2zv4clp :mo 4d+nwqi matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the ber i 0 fmt3+2b -izx9wnu08oep1s-bvkgst available vacuum techniques is abous+ik3vgi9b en0 r- o 1-u8wtxbfp m02zt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ofdii6p6, s,fh8rx5kvok q .r*p 5.5 L when 10 m below the sx*8i pk,ir5q shfrkd6vop 6,. urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the M2w :m62ho lef4m)7v9 y4qamo;one bwooon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thi4ve fqw:o obm;249nm67o ym)2 alweohs is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas iscxk-:s+ d: o z(.,v2qc z5kamsccg:cz increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume *2kfr.n a(f hy7z/tsq of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurem;cq-4.w ej6 9j lrfwn at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eare9nfjl ;4c r-wj 6mq.wth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o*j te km ug;5/q(3uvdzm8+wli f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hasn01 7v (xu b2et3aeakw gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant wa(nvke 7 e30bx u12atat 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats t zw.fbz3p,q4in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ah x7 qmyu/nwe7qo71m+ok+ lg62 m9 njbt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatw/05i d;tg 7h*pcyarz*lq 5 cfor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlil t:-sesii+j ,y0-j n f8tu0yy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a7k p8zifr)xxt62w r.idopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a-q 7qax3nh chpk3yd4/t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the . pquy8hz( l2qk:8 pgcEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspenduq,yj r4xi5wisbj3hl20 /x q;ed against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060;xwsq 2 i45ru 03x/ybilqjh,j kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diarwkkrz /59)6i-dj+ 5vhilriy meter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface? rkv6i5k/i -j )d h9lyi5r+zwr    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoz-l c o5v;n *zyizrx08 days: o8xrv0 zl*- c5;zizny
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is(zbqpeq6/i u.k47 gv*v,yzh l a solid deep in the Earth where th(z7l6v i pk,uevh.yz bgq4/q*e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease