Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe0g u8q.zci(pnriodic table or Appenc0 .qpi (z8ugndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be explo xwxf (5erx7x0d7,elvited to make a thermometer. vwdexx0x5(fxl7,re 7

Which is larger, 1 C *,k4(iv hz9b c vn6ama 9h.sqe$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therma k*ht(l k3j 7t4we2k5 sut kk2qi-cr4nl equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?5k3lisk -j7c2(2utrtwnt4 * 4kqkhe k

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iro wmcql k8.+3vun. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint:3cv8 m.k +qwlu See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of b6gb ;vmz 1wa3linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacbxcko(: 3fpjn5vj v16e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at diffj f bpkvc6:j1 o53x(vnerent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secti mj2s:f/d 1yllon in the shape of a m 2l1yls/:fd jU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurycu:33squh/,c zfbw ,fp; y2k-u 6u ygp at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass therdu5x0b ed:8hewi( hvv cu 5g17mometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desc dvcwd:hg ebv10x8(u7e hu 5i5ends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part o ddi2 :izrbg9qw7s,x+, xp0 caf it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adja72,w9dig i z 0x+s:dqcxb p,racent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeff5uj,gk iu5)j l c/.ouficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Tab,uul)uf5 /gckj5 io.jle 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a(f.vn22n6qa /wg ijas m ;kqs/ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its;-mudb2+dpc0 7w1xm mpcbiu7 bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What ha2id1puc7b +d7 -up0wm mmb ;xcs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its ,:yn l:wkm y2btemperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,ym klyw:2:b,n it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasea+k/p,mejlzke2r.l49 g l g0z or decreal e,09p4. zg/ jl+krl2zkeag mse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from8zt:zd ;lrrvj9tdn u95g9h.r kinetic theory and the relation betw9r8drth l :n9vg zzrtjd9 .;5ueen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lmr8;zu65n20 p 7 ci rpxot3jnfussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ertb;9ohv tbt y6m:fw(vg.+m , arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eaa coyg t5m;48irth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon5;cmyi48 t oga’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at st c6di ojtd0 k/w5 tcab-43u9room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to /6 tkt- tuwds4d03aio95jbc cthe other?

Explain why a hot humid day isor po(m qc3*)x far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe rmoxc) 3o(*pqrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuy) wrx6 lh: 4k :wt3mci b:d7x-b:plsare (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air trs i04w . 9wgt8;cajdeemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the saa9dwgt 40i s8 ;c.jrweme T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ov:ecw x:-ji2-hejyrenzy2f v:m066c aerheated automobile enginwjrve ha26xjy zc6e-e:-c2: im 0n: yfe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintery l*iqo15 hw11ycchv;o h j e(.h7lw(x (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?c oyym5 r6;qgs;ueasqhq)q/* /f a.6h   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number i- sb06 0tqgwg ckknbnv.x3 z*n( 2id*fn a silver ring of the sameikn-(ts*k3c b. 00vn 2nqgdb zxw6g*f mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6l+ rv/j1gf6gl,k3 *hn wni(wu8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? h3kgnl wrwlj*fiv(1 +g/6nu ,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatury r:h)vv wkc t+:,vk2fes recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol co:xv4 3tnocwzo9n *0wr lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.xz93c*wr 0oownt: v4n0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built v4,p4 yv1sjmn of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bujq+n uoc(3znf xh)9f1/ l8bsrilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)o 8/uzq n) +bf1x(3hrns9cfjl and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thzqe u740 li8wc. (qpzgat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is co7iwl0g. q8qpz4( cue zoled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water wt75pozuv u-s:,j k 2);7hu gwcr+nixat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What pzb z7k)/t8dw will be its change in volume if it is heat7bp wdt8z /z)ked from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim h5pr/d nzoy/ /a6 9wtlwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of 6lmwowv)h * 4eyii bvk )*ufb)6 0,cggwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed inandu hb)* fh16 a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so iq5jyaqv(pcbu*/) j o; t can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion);q p(cv /j5b quoj*ya $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change s1jnqhe-q2 c40yhj f ,in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of ljk,zop(zi(z . ength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionj(k.,z iz ozp( $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotiv 8: k, df+h6v; h0t*m gthqp;zxa8cjropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of br 4wag 4lmw7e uow:c.45y3dcz hoo66ytass and keeps perfect time at 17 azw4y4mwygdu 3tle 5ch cwo:o 647.o6$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamuisjrz 2 z.861/roeg teter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voltzojgrrs8 uz6.12i/ eume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is ro w+ba4kjf2a8 utating about its axle on frictionless bearings u2 wafj+4kab8with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress :hyrfbo) u5f-s 38gbyis required to keep it gyf-bry u85h3f )o:bs at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti : tjlt1yoe)z1x3c ,zpap6s1xonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122y;fqjvh4 bwq5mw4 3 y. cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tem. 0sef u+3/yy fc)xsul.icz(i peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperio x9ka3(5 ijmfyne, )zm*8ijature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 400yll4 kef (kj3hs7 52fs0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatu 6ej -mdu-+wmsqe7z/4c d ;- idcvxph,re of about/ ;wmd c-u7 vz4-im -chspj xdee,dq+6 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of xx z30etylt;a51t 8jxci )eh-i wh62 koxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nj ;vr ue0zkj4-zejhj+af73 6citrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg+gw5 j9hp- odh of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0a.q5 mj8v2 m1(xb8ngpb wdm7l$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas )utoe b-24pgp9nn 8vnat 385 K?u p-nov)98np btegn2 4   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kspe /fa1bzf*h y5i ;7j: 9hjil h92jorg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift a;t-r xph*wil- 4jk t7by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume x wrk4haj-p; -lti*t 7of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit238odnsc rnmcd 2w;4y h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. ;ddcs )pv8 l,t7le*ue0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes zr +8of yax0+ea child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oly, qb6u-wvfu.++ lztxno/ e 7f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How my1s- lo 3s-zizany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, di)nqn f4 .am w 74pdnjxp 9l0:fpths 3q12cu2   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1b phwg4+q34yjev9 nf 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bvm0u* jbik-5 oreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheremjbik5u0 -vo* is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxlokz+ u a*0eftg5,x 8zygen molecule at STP?g*0,eo zk5 af8+ tluzx    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium at(,9p:r rpn5fn kcaiq;i:c ( ycoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600:kqc, n9paicy:n(p ( r;fi5cr0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase wg qzzlv-d7f+ (rvy3: if the temperature is increa-lr73fvz yvwg:d z+(qsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedb6o0vkn/qhdnb3 -v46w 6 mrbws, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. wwqd 6 nmv6orbh/ b34n6 0bkv-Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a(eykmkp u c+d,zz ; xf i4c1)0fbbqt7m 4r+y0bt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubledcw j3ijuv)n b8on*/dq9+3 qs c while its volume is held constant, by what fajq83*+bq3i/s vcowcud9j n )nctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed 4v/ vbo- :elv9seneiqo7 fy:bc;yu;4 of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio o*-al:lnl7:q0o jr epfn ;v o.uf their rms speeds is equal to the inverse u;0j le.v aro:n-*p:nll7q o fratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr (8vpvx0:,fgqbihbo/k3;d ybogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculedj) yw4biu784z- ckh j at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STdts:a1f;i t3t3owmuwn6z p;f +iy/ 1mP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular tgsd/8-y iip2 4u of0imass is 89 u in a liog0di ut/-8isfi yp24ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be 7ej,0 sz+jkno written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, a fiekv d(q2)7$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whathhjhvfk6*-olv(k 0v, phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurec c (byd+i:1tr is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 yctrcd(1+i:b 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%;wl.+d(vt, t/ a9e y0hbgidy c on a day when the templ9td bcyv/ e0h,(.g+di ay wt;erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waterttcghiiw)8r o-9u5 - j boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains 2dr aj9gu65wgyvx h2,is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilj6w a ,59u2gdvxg2h yrs. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure x-lb k55iy+yb 0ltj4..ztty tof water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? ttbi-z jb. yy .+tl554t 0lykx$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water (-et 4( rizirs +tlxd*on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water iuf g1) 5iqc/ -vzkcw+qs boiliniqw/c-+k c)5zvg uqf1g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680yhq3e(i:c+ eg3cw ql*$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dk k,m gq*--a(dnijto:ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a d8-h1 wnihy 0cyist10niw -hy 8yhcance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insq1b6/w (s(.rc c/zipsl 0 scexects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-s p(w iss16/l 0/c(x.cersbqz cectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha,bjztsqg2/t+p9jv: u: v vw4hs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated :-)w(yiw2 j 9 nz 5 blrai1ka2uhbbkm1at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal 8pvues w ;cul.1lqu5r+vh 3.zkskz68 room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coop c .1rkv zv36u5qssu+;lk ezlhw88.ul water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder : wvxak du*rcg5 4j60:amj0uvis initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blmv56djxk auwav:*0ug:0 c r j4own up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mox83uh5kv06tch,t 7fw5 b s fzrlecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperavbzhs8cw6x ,r35ttk hff07u 5ture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densilj9cjs9qp3y2sket+* f0 i .akty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques / mk0 unrc:0ggis aboutmcr00un: gk/g $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ful . )i(rby(ts x+eeh8fsl capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly roshe8fb+. tey(xr ) is(se to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon;loh us2u8 q0n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upo82luo sun0hq;n reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an if k*jy)x*jc1,yf jpy0 deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeqhf o411e*cvcw xc.t*/+tjp 7f mfl0 a of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of;6 ( qe/lfxpnz the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospn/xfe z;( l6qphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ak3h)b3zbf xks 8 f4f4z 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressungh4 gsp7k:vo sv m,)) 7i4(bs8rboqrre = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow hkm8io4 (g r)vqgs r4v bo)b 7:,spn7srate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurym ipckfier+;p /8:2g m at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aqv4k9 jde5 /,ad9lfyd t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’.75 beryc pd*-xuxd4bs equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20puc1--stb,x1 ei m l4x$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptea upsm x77tl: w/1;vqyd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has(p/ qqth;k 4 w(0kygq1c a9yfujv/rq. a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isqjsf9vefwqc00*r8f h+ ; e;x(jnuo;c $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can liq(e-9ng.b:w xt8q dxc d is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and arx8-qq:bw(.txeng d9 ce thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter ( x9d/ttq7j/ 8qtjx a4qspherical) bubble of air from a depth of 1t/dxqq87/ tj 4 atj9xq4.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vaxm3yidztm1;h+e0 r+ww7 c h: zpor pressure in the air on the following two days: wx 7 d1mizhwthc+z r+;m e:3y0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the d/+cwtf7i7zp 7hy w cf,ensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in thfp7 w7/z wfh, i7+ctcye Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease