Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to 9b 1vkfu n1;gaEq. 32-4, that could produce a fnk;gu9 bv a11$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetict(a5fg5 lbbn-e ca3/s pp,r /n;vflw 6 energy is much greater than its rest/n lcwas n6 lg/(bvf t3ap;-5,rbpf5e energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the anti1afqn-bg1ylmq) ry-i 2 lmc7;k8uii, particles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such an--1m,ga yulq; my 8i7qnic lf)1krbi2tiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals : a9tsnaq9;u95 snn nqthe electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay produe.+i t:iuw:3lxme(juzd ), eccts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce mcle+:iztu:(id e. ew, j3 x)ua neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays viadaok-zdga )(lbe q881 the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly int-ddekq1za8a b(g o 8l)eracting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electrom vhlwgwz-timi-+60 is t;5)1ig e 4qbdagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron tak)1-qi5g4sh w ie0ivt t6g wdm +-il;zbe part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved ifw )3yj+ x7 50ms;l5hrmtqxqnn each of the decays in Table 32-2.+0)7xxq;trs3mw5 ljm5hf nqy

Which of the particle d( qj(i. rtc8taecays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction jta(citr(.q8 ?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the ht (d 9n *k*.5ojhuvbzweak interaction?

By what interaction, an. y:xdqfx a9xa(+ ygpmp:/7 bkd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnekoz(t*.9h eeotic interactiooozh t9e*ek(.n?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by th3pw76q b:. 5agu5l7klok f csfe weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of x(1:vr urfyd )"neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weakrxf)vu y(d:1r force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a partiko.bszmz5) f-.jf hg +cle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find 5jph..rwk c b:particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What :pw 5.c.rkhj babout two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but no- vqol 8b;m( p0y0ufymt when they are inside the nucleus?myl f-vb0o0m8;q up(y

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV? 7ik4m k*nds(sek.te 0   GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of u ua) lu p3n1lb0, d/s.hr pe,p)vnnx935-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in wh3,.ro2dgkpl a(c, +oeav vat4 ich protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy plj(i e 9(r7q ns pubn9;whl1k5roton in the 1.0-km-radiuernk j(l s51uwhnbl(; q9 p7i9s Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 a,vlf6jr(l g c-ccelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out dwboq0xano nor4vp 9m 6 q6**3setails of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with tq6r now*m o6ovp b943aqn0* xshe size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the,ot8i 4db f;gn dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy dngfbt 84oi;, of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength x w3.,9l fbes)jgefv 6($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to abm4i84pk)nczod y9 -lccelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to houn l ,b:yky c b/e:pi(vr2ipq:cgm41 h3se the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 Thb rncy,(c /g: pikm:3p2vy1 el4b qi:eV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab T e,ubo5;h, c afj xut528:bumtevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on eac:f5c oumua ,hb8e5; bt2 utx,jh turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (: 2t1h c2dju:zq dk6) ka92 dih;ryu.o9rmywjcharge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermil80wd87qri p 9*wigojg ab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pro0igr* pdog8q 9w i8w7jtons? B =    T

  How much energy is releaseaubjo47 52 qhjx f/s 5uri0d 9kuxr,4zd in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedrfw7xso yzg(v27y7 a:)ei d u1 when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-a7nr*lnw;jt/ hntineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if tl,0wr7sn x/ 9kqpw4 i*vj5gec he mediating particle were the kaon instead ofs ,ki407qvg l/ x nj95wrpec*w the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimumf;0b;02p zyt vg3n yan kinetic energy mus0;zy;nb0ngay3 t 2f pvt each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they afzl2t/ rsa. /pre traveling at the same speed tow ptlza.s/ 2/rfard each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, c j a1r/djs .+ngoebce3/ks24given the masses of the W and Z particlsnabje 3rs./o cj/+gc ek42d1es as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons producedug/lu,3fmn mp /w r4b3 when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilb w3,3/ uum/l4 fnrgpmate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that idd8v +dnp k7c om.tkc e(m:fl62 l1so7t is impossible for an isolated electron tm lvc7ed8o1( 2l:t p +dnk7kd6omfc.so radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wa-i.wj(6da1 nsjmq (iqvelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annijdsw6(q(jn. 1 mqiia- hilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays 9m5e8a uifnb9. 0qcav are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated.cv .a0bi5f 9q9a e8mun
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kineticxt*dpw7t,kt 5 fck 7o3 energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the id 85/xxh0ll w1fd3heelectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and tmzw;fz+ lgm.7gq1fuz.bq9w6hen the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thec/asb+dy if0 5 $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th9y e3(kqwoq ed4qu/9ie $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or7 4cdxj t5al-aynrcfq (+g1+c uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, e)ctt)1km gl xic,ge37n +m2o(/ onzuoxplain which laws are violo i kom) g) gt3lczmte,n7nu+(/x21co ated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thxtzlm8f f7 3 ;9vo-rtr7ju f/kat can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c-ovxkff/ r j 7l;ut8t93mz7rf) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following q2 c 4ca9wdltfj :kwl:a4 g+by3uark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark cogcig( 2la3io8 d1j) z5kwa4lywy5 cu2mbination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below/vhr4y1n ozv;xt7 st *) for the reaction*ttvr x 4o7y;sv /1hnz $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram foxox f8mrf3tgmprj*1 5/ggw;( :ta4z hr the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Whatntxr7sd46 d u+ is its wavelengdtr +xn467u dsth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-ra w:dqe+c/taj o;fy:*r mw 1w5ldius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1al ew::owy1 jt* /wq+fc;r5md.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a posh1kkwsfpp-q1y4vl8, itron annihilate each othhf-1v84lkp kq,yp sw 1er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followings 27oj8j odpn:tm0wj rm+kn7 5 reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? Fotmw dk:8+no s77p 5r0j2jmjonr those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are 8rqtss/a 76 flpossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For th6rls/asft 7q 8ose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a;pc,rxnp0s 3 g $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak 2tujkv +rxqhk3iic :e30rs1; theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of rj f 7aza51hv3the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.aa f53j h71rvz $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value f4 u zteabn2)2qzr +dd9or the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water moletbao6q9k gnefjo a5 c y9*0*,ncule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprob.m8ltvbp6v(s e5 yn, ton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, b5v ,6n.(pbvl e8my st$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distancv( n2x0d sx6n41k ff/vajmqfb 3a5+lxe of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a rz:b1 yq7c3tb19(wv ss;p t6jn usq/te eference frame where the particle is at rest. If7btqt1 cb1/ ztvp3eqsw : js 6;y9(usn a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing r rv69ilg/x qhfj2 w8/particle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe t ::x6bgw n*g- (w8:xmjfbh dcshe reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s)rz.k9xm*i-i xzlfk 3peed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?