Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that co6g7 ltj 7ai u)-kzfjs-o:1xwuuld produce a 67jg as kot-z-1f: ixu7wlu)j$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is nn,*2k0 f rwzt5l knr(much greatertknn 2w(zrl 5*0f nk,r than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of-4tty(:gvwmmx audz 7 1 8rtv/ the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist ut4zd- wry/ 1t(ma8xt vvm 7g:of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactio5bd2 o;xe8uoxk 8xd 6mn?

Does the presence of a neutrinonxx*ztre:dis 7 1 :.nu among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Ex.:s*r1te:x7 uin dzxnplain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutro4 bu id2xl59sgj5i,jin and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interactingi5 4j gb,l52i ijsudx9?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitationaz)u-v0 . tstf6 gjyyr,l) dou-z gstyy,6 vtjf)0r. es an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon numberabsv)pcn lv2.ss.(o8 c5gl1:ys 2.g bt)ve tb are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.2v.lbvvlsse o)bsngt85yb:g1) c .2p (ts.ca

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electroh020 dtjk3v6mzxi9n1)2x 4 ic(.zmz x mzolcxmagnetic interactio0 k4 m) 2x jiixl0xxczmv. chz2m9z(t1zod36nn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 3q(y*:s tnz u.t88xi1 xsp+vk l2-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why,b ( +);jnaf)uxiyxp q*8 -peuk;b y:rf does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particl)7f hdffxks9nt hpi;u f8.68he decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactio.f8f7nf9fhdsi6h h;p k)t xu8 n?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur 87m eid9qf+j nby the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "nei rqa+.;eyt-qutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say tietqa r;+ .-yqhat this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both)c0mwda3e ;d x
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to faofvy t v;s22/ind particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks?a/ v;ftso2v 2y What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not 7. tqyzv+.okz tafs( 7when they are inside the nucleus?(7sqvo a+ky .tz.f 7tz

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy isyzq2lhq3) e-,db xe4t 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electron6laaftz57lykp/) ) w;bq452xfe wrpes. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which prddnr + a1yc/pihty)iogm:)7 , otons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy protob b m2a a(vrz8ehrq6:*n in the 1rr6qhbb8*ae m(a v 2:z.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Ex 0ugnyg.z3 hq2ample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpfh,9h -(lx/ucmh83 uarh 6zhq ha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus. a6l-f h/q,zu h hu39xhc8r(mh  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How u:oxy +u3r lo3many revolutions do protons make to rea3 x+olyro3 u:uch a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengyy.5/jdex y. mth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accex: w)* 2oo;(carw y(madta9nxlerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house thlfc2we au 4tq*mj1f h2c,kd.2 e magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of ene2ec42jk mf *q1 d,.h tflcu2awrgy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes rqwd 607l:wr kdy+r:k about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV tw6r:dw+ d: 0lk7yrqkro 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chargeg3iitzu eh(6 /pl)s:gr1 h: 7pcvauq: $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is .dzxr +m4kbj1sg-+vyj qw9 f 6needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pro-d rwy+mq 4.9xbfgsj6zv j+1ktons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the de4qhc+h.x k 8w-rhz hddibyypclwu7*c1;(j 6.cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releaseqeqbp66o/pf;q ibl5f27vznpo34 g y9d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required t ld8h43md2+3g pe. a:cmxx mb7 zd4crljqr5-uo produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were tund1is3 mle9hi :,s6dhe kaon instead of the pions6lhi i, 3d1:mu den9s. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward n w)nh)kf;rczvh ;,.ueach other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if a v f;.uc)r h hzkn)n;w,$\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic enkbd ghoki5j*h- g(h j/*e; c4oergy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and (*ek o ghih ghdo;*5j4bk /-cjproduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usined 1ro)c6dq* fo ufz70g Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles asfozer 710od6 f)uqd*c about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of,a ttl/3m6r2z z.71.s sr8h yqepjucl the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at res6a2lrpts8l.qzc1 et,r /3u .yj h7zmst annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentuis 80- i8so* gd5w(nr p /rzgr)llk*cxm and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a singr*d8g c*z -ox pr8ilsw(0nig/5 lk) rsle photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths o53ylfkg*0 t ksf the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, a*tlsky 53gf k0nnihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following rek80uuo oz)rg8)t2 y sjactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain w82o ukuszg 8o yt0j)r)hat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the dec,s sc fy87fc-wga+u9gay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the c*yzijbd 0pdpy4u(utkl+*-6decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate th n (-3s(f awigzmu4( 8)sozn7nsani7je energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oqb6d + wvz nq(r5uii46f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thqir anitbh*3 b3l 7sj;2 3wfn1e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unce tcgn u7nv52h8rtainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays h27f6 ys+-e uxv:ghp eare possible? For those that are forbidden, explain whi: hgxp vs6ue e7-2hfy+ch laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutrongf p3+,y iyw0mrz;p0i, g , 00yzi+rpyfp3m;iw (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinatid7vwn ((wd wvm;ra34 :kq tq.bons produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark com zuw;fd1grk9j te -z03)uwq/p bination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactia)iabm(x vrfy(: 83d4y 0qvbpon 8)f4py bib aym0( 3xr(qdavv: $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reac. gol8 cmsm7jf6m1ly*w(sb2 ption $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton w3o oq(v -z92eb 3kckdshose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavebcz(ksv o3o39q ek-2d length?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an en.f0 moregou+98qhmyg2i-4bv ergy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take f 4m .rmoiveqguo0-92gf8+b hy or them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is rel (8s9aaikbc lq/j5(lwa:x3nv eased when an electron and a positron annihilate each otheiqs( x w5vaj (bll /3n8kca:a9r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followin 93oljw .fun6.p)amoig reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, o)l. wj3u p69f.ioanmexplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are png-np;e/f 1hc. af5bgossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For thfgab-; fp.n1/ g5nche ose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for an5t nu5n g/x9o $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at :t9iqqeiog 58zeq2:q about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a u6s8)mh 6lhmj:x) wbv pion. uh 6jw b6:mm) 8vls)xh$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valu5rb w:.vydjc)if3bl d *a 7bi5e for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fe ko xwln -+v-58s/tzyormions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate -(asw+qel uh7 each other at rest and produce two pions, lh(uw+ ae7q s-$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-l +y ,ao;zxxg*called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed iggg77( ,br 2r+khl wt6ch;yszn Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the hgr7+ lhc2 wbkg7gr(s;z,ty6 lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactiol yi1atu y6quep/2gc z226rf0 ns.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reac 1qrmdm3zn;z )tion $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the ..ofo iymvxn4x +j/4h speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?