Give a reaction betweenxs) 2x:/l8pa(jyx t bt two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a xp(8lj by: tts)/xx2a$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very hiduh/w 0f s* yzte,-v/egh speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than is- zde,uyvw he/*f t0/ts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up 9b pv+9yum1s k8zdxi:,3nmwoof the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatw99bsmdv 1+ ,:mupn3y8kxi oz oms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic intera;vymj lnuw0 8*ction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay priio9*t rhp 9iey7g78aoducts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explaini8g99tohy7 eia * ri7p.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even tho f z9aq-xy+in.ugh the neutron and one of its decay producqf-n.iax+z9y ts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (st8-j- b5e.pq bjpfl5k )dmh /ogrong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an elec k -j-beh)/qdopglfb558j.p mtron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of ruq: w74e3(:gw lhi psthe decays in Table 32-2.u7lwgh34eip w (r :sq:

Which of the particle decays in Tablergdz:h+:;m mb-ys l s0 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactio :r-smz;y sg+mld:0 bhn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interactionu*xu,9qtywnk64; v zt?

By what interaction, an1:po (u c6emp8p.b zyc pr5ry6d why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays g 3 q5omj)v(hbm7a(jh in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactioh )bo jm(5 qj7(m3vghan?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur bo-(vki kcrsx..dvaaa . m (26xy the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that wa0le)avon 4 m (w5,;g l. bhrrlxcyca-1s massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the we4rvhw0o mll(a,cbx) yc .5lge1n;- raak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be bxug*s z:h9, :q qfptf3oth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to ,(edqggxawf.5+ lv,z:* xolr find particles made up of two quarks and +xol *5 r.z (qaldx,ewvg:f,gno antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but n,3o)t 1cpd8b7 8sjrxgx.ii ehot when they are inside the nucleucgixes 8,jb 7)o3 t .r1phx8ids?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy /k9;*ahj o1 2r.klo acm2oih qof a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavele (:n/b jcpkq.qngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in rvr.4 9vw d/k czd;1apa cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energyh xh)bzxiu9w-rg 9bw 8; kzcxlk c+)43 proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab l b;)uwzg b9hw8-xzki9c+ k4)hxrc3 xaccelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exam(j:z byb6pypcdwjp)ssu 44xrn 2 t8inh 6d)2+ple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking;gs qne1bcz wbks 0 2ma+r)u82 out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compa2zmbr2 sabc;1 n)sk80e+uq wgre each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the deewb frr1*h*cfhv87/o vy5 vryjd x,l6 -s of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 Mevvyb6x-yfch, h / 1r vrwdf*8ro l75j*V? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengw:nmji4n *a-j vr2e0a1fhha:i /-ro xth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deutr*e /8qgb )f1 ahe6qrnerons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for l2ho*vjuh/ /h67xo jm6fy, ynthe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field wu *o/,7oj vh2l /hyn6fmjxh6 yill be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatronitdybf46( r- 1)negv c takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of tcy4)6ti1bver (d-nf ghe protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy 9qqwspcr:vl xon( pi+)91yr9 of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field int+ 4v)p )fk1otjw)jfxy* w,f kaensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0*j))k fa 4p)1o k,jt xfy+wfwv-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released icb ia-f/(zj/;wg fr2p3 rkgjak s/ bc)4zhx79n the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released*n6trp 3 yuazt1t+yu9 when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron3;d .mmbz9bh )tb sqb3-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strongh y0 2hpr(xrr8s2u )sz force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion. 0z h(rxsrypr282h)s u$mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward eas:0mzema 9. xach other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy s0:.e aamxz9mmust each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons eax5ie kyf.u v/yq +1ds;ch have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and producvu. ;ydf5x /kqys+e1ie a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3,ix9 / g kid:i/t +q6q*ht 6vh)udkh8fc given the masses of the W and xvcqki:q f d 96tikgith*6/8+) d/hhuZ particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a protond*tuc pgr6t 4,ns 0i:q and antiproton at rest annihilate? r,:su6 ngdc *4titq0 p $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible pu q59 c*v*kzt( 2zg/teft.q94dkx tp for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) Wipp tz f4tktcuq/5e xv.9d9tq*2 z*k (gth this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photo f) jxij-jzr1upmhcvt *ea o8e/;e-12 ns produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate 1; mhcvjjtuo a1*j)iz2xre /8-pe ef- head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions a15mtgk o-ua8m3vnn( m nd decays are possible? For those forbidden, exp 1-v okng5um3mm an(t8lain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kineticz6y9 mr-lho2 a energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic enerfq170r 2 c,/yfvgerkygy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energyt(*ql m66 tx ih2f.dlb width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of f um s.06f-+ .zddbg(ixiw dh,the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ow ms kwe82w, ecn+w0/qf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncer wh1 b)km0lwhkw)33aftainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays arp0(qcq1twxwy219w 2lkz9u+n2udt y2) rgy w se possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are vioqy tcgdrw022 w ulzn1s99wuy+w22kx)qp y(1 tlated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an anti3 ;ud ux3ob:mlg04zfuneutron, o;m3:4zdl 0 uxf gubu3(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark com) yeagw.z(zl4+j2gp gaf, -gbbinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed t/ sv85/* w sokil t9tpujdh.5ko produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quark 93c gvw15fqa n.7fjxds (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction7c j g 93fvd5wn.qf1ax $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for thebfwxk:0(oi3 1 fpry,x cg :ps. reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its3by7grx1 f9 xy wavelength? rxyg3by1x 97 f
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with anmud.7r2ojk xpf2n 3g6+;- ugr3czm m w energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how farz-mg 2dr.;2 3+uwm 3pom ck6fnj7ugrx do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electro ncd r,xsj*kju06 mn)8n and a positron annihilate each other? sd,j j uxr*knn )68mc0$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by whbj1usj6+ ww )nat interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, jn 6js ub1)+wwexplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction couldkzfebysis ezoq mx3fo6/3 wh/12 *8 l7 they occur? For thos26of*s/3l wxz i8k /1ez7es 3 qmybfhoe forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a hio,:5e/oxj/8fo bz w$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory jsg6m+u+)swx6xbuoi,r9. t v at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions,-e p6x4fr nf* 30mulyl Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.3uerm*f4 ly6xpn -0lf $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valum(t(n(rdku j7 e for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in al:2pii lsp8e 6 water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce2qo5n r5l sqm/ ./ijwp two pions, 5r qw /mjno/25ls qpi.$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification d*s fr ugqs.-)mistance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pro 7*(p,9 ujhrid3xskgf j8 bo(wper time, measured in a reference frame where the 7(od9hfib*jw 3pgu xs8(jk, rparticle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reacm 2d j ld4ugn0j.w-5gqtions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe rb8iap* y *ms5the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spe/ f mnf:thhw-:1h4n xmed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?