Give a reaction between two nucleons, simk ep0(* d d)fetr6gex*ilar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a (te xe0efgd*)pdkr* 6 $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its 5e/.vl s7vbj wkinetic energy is much greater than its rest energy (b.s /v jwlv57e$mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatomu7xg2q/js rpj ee3n 1/," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our nor / qrpjjue xs2ng3e/71mal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagjn vq cf7;nz ,89y6onunetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay producd)bbfhix suxqbps* 1 u/),9h (5yj*a gts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via th* *xaguqs9sdbh/)1(jfi ,ubpxbh 5y)e weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction e;f6l9o9*eb z-tp nqanven though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are 9 la-f eznt9q 6bpno*;strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weakbz9r6ww i6lz4by(( qrn88w ka, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? w l96(qwrwz 8bny 6b (84izkarA proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserv:cnmxhjc9w-,t ljo3bnu;8c8 l0cb+ l ed in each of the decays in Table 3cn l ;lb+b:j-ccnc 0 x ,mo8u9h8tj3lw2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 oehi fq2hq8 +-n36xt uoccur via the electromagnetic interactionhqfx28h tu6 e3+q-oin?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by thx oi wfo::7nfy. ;q(utbmg. rndz, *3he weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does sd -ac* mvg)/y+ph*ls $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via thkn p44 ++s-ud rw 74n2wo5ex,trfbhpe e electromagnetic interacto4 4fe5p dhtwn -+kre7bu4xwsr,+2 pnion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak +00ny2tbytr hinteraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "e7/sznp t)ldvj;i51 0 +kwxoqneutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this partpl esq 0oj; vni)+z/dtkxw517 icle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particleap+5b nan0t68ap39kd s.mfx u to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would iqo+w 0 vqs,xn(ff fe/q) 9/7zlouol*ft be possible to find particles nx flv q9f * q +o,osl/qf/zw()e0ufo7made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when c:/ lrfc 49a7/ mnlr-zak hqt9they are free but not when they are inside the nucleu m c7kzl4tr9aa9l fnrqh/:c/ -s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ene57)vec*:wz gcy4 kamb;ly 2co rgy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengtn gy(w;qs t+*sh of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in whic;smn*jz *9jk3p 2j unvh protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution u ,bvbtavtjr+-wq2q 88j)h -gobb73cji /;hsfor a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerat;,b7+v2jv 8j/qo art cgu )w3h hqbs--jb8ibtor? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exav2t n 6uf2zwmw*2fr m-mple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the g. jdpn(fh)txwr 0 3j5nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-w.jfd )n prg0(3xh5 tjMeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do pr tt3wlxj-d 4s;6xhgf5otons make to reach a kif 3 hl56dsj4xgt- t;xwnetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengegn;9w+qsv5qj h:j zz-/x o )pth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accel5n6*8yid da1;krlw gherate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for thexlpxz( c /;jz;n aag +8fl p,2n8orfe8 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magneti8fpr, ljezc 2 a8x+pal/ (nfxgn;z;8oc field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring t *+ yaunh*a -ftnl/)azhe energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done ohla/nt*nua* -fzy ) +ance per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partci yrv:j607nyicle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is nue0sisuriba(6z*y3wj k4 ;p- eeded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B pr (ka;z6isu4w 30esy*bui- j=    T

  How much energy is rele2b.t g(ua c.lqased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energ(f+4tp ea0sds61+2ej6 nn 8 nivvwyyv y is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to producamrk) 4r 8 4kqwd+po8ee a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kao as0+fng/b p3yn ing b03p y/n+afsstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equ) :d*cdcw4x rtal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each)c:w r4c*ddxt have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic enehoqd yd6jabt36ygv--rkjs3 ;+y p-ay+cn .s3rgy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at dq-+6t nj; h6vs+k33posayjg-yc ray.3by d- the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the wz)*ek gvr 1)gveak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles a*g 1ke)v rgzv)s about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and an53l3fe ptq ,cg6q;l* /ip ey1o2gv5i5 dau wnmtiproton at rest amep1 epy/gdf35 iv,qu23loq6 clwgn;5*ati 5nnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible f5j up0r8vq54,p2bio/e fsfy for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (2 fp4vyejrfs iu0f/p8,q 5o5bFig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengthpxv 2gadx fk monf06(7b+g32hs of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 kah+2 opbgfx37dfxgv 2km n60 (eV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbfgw pkzt:9*63zk1bz a idden, explain what l93t wakzk1zz: bpf* g6aws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each 2.ij0+usm1b/ kojjjfof the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the elect73(bhe+m7us m2 dv pp3ufg) mtron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetim7q 5cbsdrl5 *se of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 1d+coqz,)k1ev+iswp lhfh 43$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofqb+2q xp e osv1bu9r 1qfgj7.i 2)arq) the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncrxmx7m;. 07r u;a r gnn6 g0e*ih8xtvrertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For thosest; o qg:ip2x*v j-or- that are forbidden, explain which laws are violated. *xjv-; q too -r2i:sgp
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations t-o8,,abijc/jrs kc y t 8q6ka4hat can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c/j,c- ks86ty, ia r 4joqkb8ac) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations proq bv7/ewqw *px9p:tvg/0ru)q duce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to kb)4p5;vk g8bxjreb. produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram 2jrmi/u gdh :cx,ya:0 using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction :u 2xgjyh,d0rmia /c:$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the react9k9dh/dul x8iion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energym9upv7 70lyea of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its79eayl0pm v7 u wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermo a3d3z9: kyqoc*s bf0ilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated bzdc3y *3 s:bkoa0q9 foy 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron agzvnq-.*zc1w j l1:m annihilate each othel1 vqc:n.m -ga 1zwj*zr? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction couli 1h 1zk8+j1jxqi w.7yc p3ri b)neo;vd they occur? For those forbidden, expl8yx1v .jhpi webzn17jrc1;i)k+i3 q oain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by wha 4ihyz9c7 hta)t interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, expl i a)h7tzy9hc4ain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ;c u3+q7xprpi$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abouttei.8ea 57e5/zhx v, knhdpq0 $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, foly:p qfowfmwa +o3 u-f.4wec*.3 srm 8r producing a pion. sfywa3mf3-wpr+q.*wloe8 f4:u.ocm $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the re jmf5:xcf sm((;tz sk-action $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a4sptl j8ze6:zti+ n.e water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton sa ztk631q2 1tfqw,g)wzf )gq s-np,yh p0wq9annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, g9q 3)tp-thq21g)fw6wsyfnpa0, s qq,1zkwz$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance ofql iz1d;nvz-0 $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of prc+uas)e5/at dzglwaz d/ 1*jwxf (y/*oper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long ww(uf aae//gxazddw *ls 5 * +t1j/)yczould its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. s) mq*9h1q1u(n,uiypl2sx ,axynj9x
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describl*gwlc/s4* -bn: l 09oc xmfqhe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s 8+s,tqn 4kl7i7 iky tv(ng2yqpeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?