Give a reaction between two nucleons, sv4g5gniir5q(21 m tgsimilar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ri4g(msng vi5q 5 1g2t$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is mucdojwo+bcc(-kf2 d; 19g ktr 3qh greater (ktfk ;rwcbc 39o+d2 gojd- q1than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles t 5 kj8)offdhe 2fhddmq((jt9)o the constituents of normal h5j t9(ddkj qof dh)2f(m)8ef atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a deue.s; htpa 7o 2m +r,9nlphjosb0-o:q cay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the d.dia .0xco5:uv u;mbwcglo83suz 9 ( yecay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Dog.iw 8uav syl59(;z3uxc o:d0cb. ou m all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even b qng 3f60.mbahb8l*gthough the neutron and one of its3b bng*mbl gqh0a8 6.f decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, g8 +j)pgqzqb4utdz 3+eravitational) does an electron take part in? A gepd z8t4uzb qjq+3+ )neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in ea)fpri1,o vj)7g;l:do t,u ubh ch of the decays in Table 32-)r:7i)p1ovj ;h, u,b odlutfg 2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 od4y9v5zv) e516 fw n xt1wjzcur-9cnu ccur via the electromagnetic interac4u56w)19njzwtzc5ry- f n 9v1d vucex tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by th a6-t 3+ol:t xvz9 ud1bax;qdwe weak interaction?

By what interaction, a/evr-rh2yq dq1. 4h wrnd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the ewj/.hek (m4 vs-ow*yxlectromagnetic interactw*x4-jo m (w/.sevhyk ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by thj6j gsclv 18cwmx3e6w5e 6 ajf- )e.) waa,naxe weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, ha9 )qlw4 *reojwlnmw5e6aj2 ;nd no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this partijwe4 woaq j nn;l5ml6r 9w)2e*cle even exists?

  Is it possible for a ph;hy)2rk6 yj carticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamxnhtm2 pwya63/zg,0rics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquar3x6tnhgwr /py, ma 20zks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when theyk0slh (gz wk62 are inside the nucleuhl(6 2ks0 kgzws?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy o orpip9bn: n)s6kz+. uf a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelen i4:(u9 ir5ap3goqwgqgth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cycs0qquq-j x 8n- 9lsr2mlotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a verk w ,+yuuud;nb hws;-(wlaz,mrv0(1e y high-energy proton in the 1.0-kmbav;du l;- s, e wzwh+1m(rkyn0uu w,(-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron ow /7k9tb tt(umf Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha pasett /*ed50 yorticles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nye0t ts*5d oe/ucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How myqh: vh8h,xahfq nhe//.wt iabu;+ -6any revolutions do protons mah/b w;h-nh eu ,ah:hyqvxq/68taf i+.ke to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthg/ 4d2j ki(5sm/ho xp (uaofi+5 agv-h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 10a:map5);ya adr kk/6 ;dtq5o:rjcpa.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnqr+qw . ;l r+v2,9sgy-rtncg xel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field wi - y9rg.wx2qg tsnrcq+r,v l+;ll be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energi t9n h s,g,qba(*vc 9zz-+lpmles of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of ta9nl,z bcgm-ht,zqps (9+*v lhe protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy o n 4e,e dlcsp:42rf0to93srjq (vyd5 cf a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needr 3;t/c*p c*l,upnxqd ed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protonlu*r *,cd3pc t;q/pn xs? B =    T

  How much energy is releas;ale+ i0t i0c2i;ars wed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy isi;1 xu2pxi8o-pe .lm i released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron- lrt(o2el(a +santineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force inkimx) w(n/:sk*py z/f the mediating particle were the kaon instead of sxp/n kmk:wy */)zn i(the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with eqqj393ta +1h krclwta;ual speeds. What minimum kinetic energy mrct;l kta+h3w1 q9a3j ust each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have iff4tp:z9*4h.t za7lwchk1 6k qz v3h sn they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, cn9w:k7qca4v6.t* k hhfstz3l z 1 zh4pollide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of thecpy 1-turecq, 1bn* +a W and Z particles as 1enycpb* ,cr -+ ut1aqabout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengkk4uq a)c5 k1uths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton atkk54cu qa uk)1 rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible+h 2x:vz2pqt3zw8c v4 : bsap.m5ma ts for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in min4. 5 hpvza382p vt a:w zsm2sc+:xmbtqd, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the tb-tu8bdqjd -ygonws9y1w n z,;8 9jn2wo photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinebwd9z-ou, t8;n y9n gn81 bqjwj-2sydtic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thos1rxg(9yw(r 3 e m.wcyilz1)dpe forbidden, explai dlmgx)1 9(e3.ic(yw1rpr zwyn what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decaypgi-ztu 7e, 8 ::fqacs $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum k1sz qh.6jjw4 y8i195ee*g3 shixhoxe inetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and 1v bp5*ifwqu b/z-4dgthen the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ol u-vdyeq-krwl/b y-sckkn;83 d 8:b1 f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thd. 0 y pkl+b*6l5ir5d-a bbapee $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or ce.tr v0 w gx g +1eanzkd-we,d6yd3euh-3*/funcertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that a)t6- ez7ur5xxaep 8k joju-wmy v.q6)re forbidden, explain whi5uj6e vau w jqpx-8zxm.ke)6o7 -y)trch laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (adpns*d 5*f5 q2;dm yzt) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) ant; *zfp q25dsdy*m 5d $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following qua4zur 1m(fsnf 510zjo+,uwz2 xrjjln1rk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combzhhvw7g)2g 4m o(lx u1ination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram usiiy ;+*,: eu04neghqrwj5xfhy ng quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction h*eiqng0:+5x e4h ; rjf,yyuw$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram 3my 8 + wu+1 gourmyfpgtr28h5for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy isvn: w4ow3(lgxge(xta+z + hq; 25 GeV? What is its wavelengtx3( xntvghz wlq(+a;oew 4:+ gh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an eni07v1,y mniitr x5 99 4 umv2igpu/ejnergy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long doesvertix2j u7un4 0m /v9n9i1igpm5 i,y it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron an0o u 26hhnkw4j5,den zd a positron annihilate each othenew 25znjh do4u,0 6khr? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pos(*wh h6 u)qx.ohj kc gp1uo,41tgir6 jsible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain x4 q p66uc.*o kijgu1ohgj r1h)ht(,w why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactio1b2 - kies,hogn could they occur? For those forbidden,ok -e2g, 1sbih explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a zip00r:hwzkaw m jxcy4),s8.$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak th +np.ga-0 kmn cx8696oukxu zieory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of j8x 09umvx;bj5 q 0snngcp7 g4the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.cg ;xmj0v s pj0qx9ub7g5 84nn $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacti+yd ilxv,.vtd;d 5t 2jon $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a wati,4ubqngrh* ,4yd9s53 ommkd* 4 xoeuer molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other athktn v3 c-nyq: re 5uc2/n,n(f rest and produce two pions, v5r,: hn /yqnn-efnt(u kc32c$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dista2 attab7wnro;8: tk 9nnce of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listedr 9 a sns)cjrs/xsako pc+3c/s1yq-99+pkd k ; in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau l-s//j9a p) 3kyocsrc sdq s9axc+;pk 1rs9 +knepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in thhs5or1;z0jfc e following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descr1:qrmo1 ) zu f9hn-qezibe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the hc5sk abx 01i0speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?