Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produ w8324bc,6m)qlckd olkby8 lnce a 8)6doqc 3 c4w8yl2k nmblk,bl $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that i ite z904k:xgkx 4k* /ies7 abfih1ct1ts kinetic energy is much greater than its rest tchtbk kg*x4/zs a:iiek4 91ix0f e17energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituentv0kypt+pdqfr x:-t. + s of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our norm y p:q.f +v-kx0+tptdral world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic dxis0u7y49m)ga sr n8 interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle ;bh3dn0gqh/ 66.on k4 rdcj7jffyms4necessarily mean that the decay of 4/rjd;do0f sbcq64h 76j nmgh3 nyk.ccurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the m yf z8-fd1,eca 4+l6d jjlvt6weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interafzltamjcy6l 6d e8d1jfv ,+ -4cting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak4e-dk uael72 b, gravitational) does ane4-27dlekau b electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and b-()m ybd pqn.icoj6t. aryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32.ypiq. 6omt)bdn-c (j-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electroma3hm wy5puq y *cajsn33w 63 .h)oc:xnxgnetic interaction3q ccj:5 )36h y 3s3xuxapmnwo.yh*nw?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak i -xg td:s,ex01 y*jl8lj v3klvnteraction?

By what interaction, and why, d5 k1y;2wj irwhoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particl(shzmab 2 jf15e decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactionh j 1sf2bzm5(a?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak inter5 3t +u*l muwqwt.)jdemxb. +iaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no colool 3qhqv1 m(2er charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Coulde3o1hqmq vl 2( you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a p z km0nb1.8pkkarticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to ff0;p9 +b:gst9yp minbind particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What aboupmgf+b;iy9n : s9p0tb t two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are frktwnx)8vv 03r ee but not when they are inside the nucleusxv08 rwk) tvn3?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protoae7b(7 bw1 v dvnd97g a(f2nwcn whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV eleu mkx;qrqs;/yw89gt. ctrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotr iod52fg1r)i*xf5( jxln o bg;on in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very hqimhk1 3s 4n6digh-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermisq6 hi n134mkdlab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Eig/x (sb-*j4k+gqula3c.z3cjt q. hixample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for qed y)3t v0xe5picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with thy qvt30) e5dxee size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of acoawfs o 5.5;zv+hh-6wtz* vfwiuy td-v3+ 9q cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons u wfv+hatvy5.6zi;9h ofczdqw+t3--*5 s wovmake to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt2bc-q .ud: 6n, uyfdfsh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a ra i)rer2.dj y6sw k*th8dius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to houfn)b--xf:8krg ii-cp) 2 lczase the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beak2bzp:f)n)ifr - 8c -- glcixams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to 3t m(r8dqnhh:s8 5aw3qh) pgkbring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the:a)(w3rqn5 h8tgqsd 3 mh k8ph protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pa3 5ptbp.j9y 9 d9 kaeaijj-v.zrticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-kmk +.9o:ojavhdrq(ym3 e3l 6qy-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.m6. o3qya drhv9olk(qy: j3 +e0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasmrcqs, 81kto9 ed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedqdem g;rpmf* mn +l f;4a v3(z/*uzfu) when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required z;ydueh)n j+ ( nj.)lp o*oa;xto produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong/b x4a ebvt(0a force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the p0ebbxa(vat 4/ion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading tow:1 /ju.e xo*eg0q:es gb smgw+ard each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must w1. : gex/ 0:+*ujq oeemsgbsgeach have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if theysg5qcqq2i9zt ;62or . tju3z f are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, a 2z jqf6guiq23osr9t5z.;qct nd produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32- l0 ht ycqugk6d,93gp03, given the masses of the W and Z particles as ay hkdgc0 q6p03gtu,9lbout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiprigk6, iq9r302ao pfhaoton at rfa2r kap9,6i3qi h0 goest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum axqd :j9fbh h;.nd energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. dhfq9 . ;j:bhxBelow)?

  What would be the wavelenbfc ;wg6:szp 64 rpyg6gths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron,gz;y4pc gfw :p 6r66bs each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays arkaq6 l6( db*wzlff2i0 e possible? For those forbidden, explain what la6w ak(q2zifl 6b* 0ldfws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic enes,;ocae1fz9u c 5)11qnhhqor rgy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum o:: d*7wvrk . qey,wy7t ge5ulkinetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifets5zcg/:yywd a94x,sic 7x 3ygime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of ts3wki dt:tp19 t) d;jmhe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofsoi7u w *5o:zl7-ilw k the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty)bf j8. :cm(cof of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that a jqu lu ;)61aobzc9v/b) 5p1euk -l o:yxohtk2re forbidden, explain which laws ar1oql/p xbbjy;zhv)9e1a t25 lu ko:c u)u-6koe violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that cagfqa0o duv/*o6r*q.vc os(;psx9s b0n form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,. r*s0 /op6dvxa *bu qf sv0o(9sgc;oq (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark;l+mc(ohhvn. 2 ;rcpniw 2 *vcju*2vx combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needy:e7 9* r. sig7eidwazt*s3pced to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for thet ydnot3bj7 2 e33n:jb reactiono yn32:n3 j7bjd3btte $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactio+kg p666:d fz//gzmua+yhs5 z+emhyj n $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ee4 ,zsq muu9;hnergy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelenu, sz;qhe m94ugth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab T8kx) whtpiu1 m- g+w+nxgqn 77evatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are acxwuxi7q)p 1tngn7+g wk -m+8hcelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy isxf 7jxp*:+tlq released when an electron and a positron annihilate each other? t*:l jfxq7xp +$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactionsfbv 9w0u*w -yr are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whyurbf9 *wv0w- y.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions arx91c4 :yno:miy jle q;e possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For tho:j:eyl;n1q 9 o4xcmyise forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a p5x gj4,chk3i*l1 hcv $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abmfwb- j0yi*i(4z7oxq+x aw e/out $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value fo)kt xzzypr5a +9h.m vahs5-r3r each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.s3 .9zaxzh akrtmyvhr5+p- )5 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value pz ea(5szew /z00 eqj.for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water mjzsn: dx (ja*mn *-bh)nb2e/lolecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihzmey8w ma u(1lzx09k, ilate each other at rest and produce two pions, 8mwzl 1,e um0x9z(ayk$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the sovpquutrm /-qzcb2;)b7p-)da-called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are inymra (iy gx(9; terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be axargy 9(i;y (ms measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing paegg9w ,nk99 51 qfkyl rvo7w-article in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descvfe 362o+ofcb1f + jvze.vpd/ ribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of 4n)t:u ia/i sy7urlhe9a1cu7light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?