Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-j/gz th*,;l s q:4cq7lzzy3vf4, that could produce a /qj3zv,hz f4;tg:l7y s*qc lz $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very hig1zyjuot 22wd8 4 jbw bni5,i2lk;)ehih speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its resnol2i)b2k2jwiy48jbiet 5 h 1du;w, z t energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to thr;:.jp7qvd+ g bi v4t8khkvr;e constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came;pq.r4thv;8vb i +gvr d7k: kj in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic :)znh.bxfqal 5 4i.tuinteraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessa gdbq.-d8k/ue btcq(d6 d/s ujp0nn*/rily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the wn(tk*upbb 8 juqdd0dne sc/ -/.gdq/6eak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interactr2wpzy pkpx- n8) 0g0id)p/nf ion even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stronzfgdppy0-)w0/n pi kp 2nr)8xgly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (stron m-,ube)m(ysu g, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part iu, ue(bmym)s- n? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in 9sz*3g- uv tzkTable 33 zk*9g-zvs ut2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac- zjzw(-o9 (gad qaur+tiona( j(oz dag-+-q w9zur?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32le7s3* m)nxjod;y+vt -2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, aukms b.5wtveer:vbf 280/ oe 2nd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particlmu nm ) ng+8ixau0209r,nviyhc()pjce decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interacm+ (nyhu,09cnjc8 ix0pvanr ig)mu2 )tion?

Which of the particle deci,9s,p/ aci m8 b ntdtc5b7s6(vqdwi/ays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charg, :8ozug i:-jqg 0mev/8zibcxe or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you s-,8 i:q0mbeg :uiz zc8g/jovxay that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be botez sn+5pd+t0 uxtr8c( ni5z:sh
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quam ) ci6/3sih )3jmcy 0t6jws0nbbrb ihdf.y48ntum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquas6j3 m sy 3bb)w06 ym8d b/.jr)0iincic 4fhthrks?

Why do neutrons decay when they arxg8tn// zm : 0xamox8ne free but not when they are inside the nucleus?8a/ngx 8 m:tnxxz0mo/

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton bdouzx2 (+ku c2 -sv4uwhose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electron4rsc d9d2na/ as. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field isrejgqpeke48sc4 sa.bd. ft +. c h/1f; used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one cogzae/*v vna07 mplete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-rn0ve/a*v zga7 adius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceler/e x1 k0gd(gx ij;/ at 6zxp(q+cs,akdated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pickingp3f /nd akw70g out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protonsn3wd /g0pfk a7? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dsw 13ab48j /faqj.j buees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make ta 3w. qbu/j18sja4 jfbo reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengts5a,p7 3m af0c9efmpe 4zajs6/dh q/ah ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acceleoa0dujd o8j5hs 0;v)okx n/v-wwm:f )rate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tu ck/cusv-go458 s 1xxpnnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadronsx 8-cxugv s c41/p5ok Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to 4daz vp39zng-q v/2jl bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protonsgjdp z 3a9lz4vq v2n-/ on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a part 7:nfs/ p/ioga wr(3ubicle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity ir6nlbhwj ,1 / )d 4kz0tklqcj,s needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proto/dwj,zl6)0q1 c jkhkln,b4 trns? B =    T

  How much energy is released in:s 1 0hws*xef /vb1,kelnua 0k the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releas *ky hv,mr rvu y8bajp(-a)(1ued when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?7m e*baw7vg d*bvbh*)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the str dkacyk -4+cl-ong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion. ly-cc+-d4 kka$mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each otendu+(hd ;p 2lher with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have i;2pd(u+ hen dlf a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must twno,j u*.juz djyo +u4f(g3e4vo neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and pefu3d ( jy ou4j4,n.ugv+j zo*roduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak f*tqvuhfyzyy :,f a,:+ orce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z z t yvf:*y+fhyu, qa:,particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons pr 4*dn n ;:abpygyxe/eoh96 g.toduced when a proton and antiproton at rest anng*:e xn y9npdya4.g6/ebhot; ihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that ib 6;f:)x-n )zlrfj jxqt is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig)) xr6qx j;f- bljz:fn. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and7nhczc+ .;z cw5mpk(r a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic enenz.p7m czkh5;(cc w+ rrgy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays a ga82gu:(gad 3h .jqwbre possible? For those forbidden, explain wh: juaqbdga2(8gh .wg3 at laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic e0.(ut fk0p jjsnergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the de03ov:l x. catfak j(-gcay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width 0s s)ca. wmr5eand then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the zg. m+8brl6az$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofi mg4z, +cqrj1 the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertain26yyyoe uwo;7vu,e84oq j fx8ty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are fon8 jmv/p2n) 9zf7rgdeiw*:oj(nt5qyrbidden, explain which laws are vioz79 w 2d nvjg:o /8)5p*tmjfne q(ryinlated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an4ehvn s m/8(xhh .30,sang crp antineutron,aph8sn.v( x4s,ecgh m0nr/3h (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quarb:xfc-: nd1o(fy l 4 ,.a dkxkvnb47lik combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination+ube(a5 ny rwwz;gbq c31* o0u needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fu/tw: da owo4 3c)xlg-or the reaction wo4xdutglo a)c/w -:3$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fo(o p 97xjpp.xufcc9aiqs):l 1 r the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ervp;t )(9- na vwphige( t3d2qnergy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengt vt2 wat p)hng( ;erdqi39(-pvh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fz:)aczi;pnh-)d1z s 08te ,ytg; yfdx3 q.xthermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far d; yy)g i zz8,.h:t1qp)fsnzdd ah ; txet30x-co they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a posi biw7kz23g(c xhfdbh:j9j+k*d l1n- s tron annihilate each oth 9cdgnjd:zks kb+f- wlhj3i7x (bh1*2er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are posq mg16hke6ax9sible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exge 1ka6qx9h m6plain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following 7bj k)j9wms.8qoc- vdreactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those foq jb ocsv-dk)7.9wm8jrbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a6evdj, 8o8tk-7 0af5 epmo wgp $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs i- n1nspc8w /xln the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, fo/qb h;qlypa48i;1cr tr producing a pion. 4h yc;bqrlpat;i1 / 8q$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuz87d m0q+mpjve for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fer 1hetmh+*w9 wvmions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at tq mk 0z wpruza m1r7n,f4vi/.jf(,a-rest and produce two pions, um0/-vt mja7z(nrffqia4,r.1z ,p wk $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distanc,f/,y geh)oocv ta5+ w+,7 wphm b8fkqe of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 acgnz () u 86qie(ew; xbp+2mpere in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as ()g +m i8w6;nqu(pe c2beepxzmeasured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. :zo hsm+;0ytc
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactio 4lt,9bg4 sc/ngr-ltp n $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed ofrj2fz7uxzv5m(:io+y pm :9by light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?