Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar w9qz,6k. 8uwxjbwen tj;o2c 2 to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 6tbwz;c, q e.2jn ww9u2xkj 8o$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetvy ;z j 0e9 tyft)-elu8w.vn+gic energy is much greater tt0yvl- e8yvt jn9zugf+e;. w)han its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipapaz ,fxl 9c(4zrticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist a x9(c,l4p fzzof? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic inteb;g plr(n5 v.o()enp 0fe3 sidraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a )d0zif,(2qsk4t303 ,bbbpo lr obt spparticle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Ex4,d lo30s30 ,p 2(p ztr fbbtbsokiqb)plain.

Why is it that a neutron -ewrk bv/7;f rdecays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay pr bk-v w;/erf7roducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, wcmrc*-(r48*vv w bmxfeak, gravitational) does an electron tak*b4xfvrw-*c8vmrmc ( e part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserfexs(yg hrqx; w:1 5:eved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.(yh :xsfge w1ex5r:q;

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electrm0yl-hh+ie tb4 b7x*iomagnetic interaction?b e7lhm-yhx b4it+i*0

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by t3arsto- ,g k,2dw+aothe weak interaction?

By what interaction, and w sf -5 bmh)ye+wxng;,mhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the wccte f/f.fnr+ +:u.g electromagnetic interactionc .c t+:unfw/+rff.eg?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 oy,*stff 2gox,zkc4 6occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet"spdvjxuojk k(id61(7 pfr90 ;ke (e ;q that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, an7(6i(s;;f ok vj(er0 pkq1e juddx9kpd did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle ylqes/v o-n ;8x48(2v pq nwvvto be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodyu4md(l o- kye6namics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarkoledum (k4 y6-s and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but f+1hgyy e)+k lnot when they are inside the nucleu+ kygyel) f1h+s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeVfhbqoxwvs-4 d)a7 mp lzb4//5ga5 z w:?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E +wxbp,w.x8 h6qhkk5f=    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cy qu;0j k00)gs3v: fp0 h qo)rb7hcpmcuclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolu431i9bc ; ph8aqctt/tc1;cp .isyf m ation for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius9api 1sc3/byiqct1. ;;m8a4ph fcctt Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exampl,9x *rcds(8f pwv.wy ue 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detaili *obx. 8mn2 fp;i2o-q 5ihslms of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the s5p i b;8nl-.fh m2*o ixqos2miize of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cycl)zw5yw ))aqq fj o.1dfotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protonso))dfazq. 5w1 qy)j fw make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengy-3m cvejdiq-ge(n3nwv65k;r 0nw t631d hh cth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius ofsi/nh* c(2yr u 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house th:m ioum99h +tfe magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic:9oh 9it m+muf field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes +3rmd4.w jvpj5 gp 2:dd1rb8bqhpvp 8about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can aspj: rhbp. qpdr vbvd3w5+1g8dm j84p 2sume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pi2/j7 gloj: wsz b2c 8c:va+;+zssam jarticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at th(l-(,nwiz kih6kvvay* v9l8ro jb c-5 e 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B =owi- 9*-a ,vj(6l kziynk 5b cv(rv8hl    T

  How much energy is released in thjy (5k) l uiebugtl+:xes* */se decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is r8p h/6-5 uq5* vw)oq yi g zjcpr)sihpi.wz3l9eleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce v+dxujb j/0 s,a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if thay l9g :fomb*a2m e lv.91pkr3e mediating particle were the kaon instead of th:ga3om1 klv.bpmar9 lye*2f 9 e pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward jr* cy.m-au4qc nft0( each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each hm -04.tqurfna cjc*( yave if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energyb* jg;zogb ohy-ka+i,4l22je must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed towik2bb-g4*,ao2yeh+jgj ; olz ard each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of g0md/nc () +x hzon)e +*sv an6c;tgvfthe weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z part/v+*fd( 6 tocnngazg0sn )m)x veh;c+icles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiprot1o h/m+hm)wh zon at rest annihho1 )hmh+m/zw ilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, thar abz67xun2/at it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defexu2/r6ba7z nand the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of tg5. rh2;l5gj/qngbm.8vk5kn5kk pxm he two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each g5gh5 kl.qk.m5/r5jv8k kn2ngx ;m bpwith 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are po* +,ixu; fo,mi*bojag ssible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are ,iouf* jab,g+*i mxo; violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of tq3m +gy+ogoq)o*hy 8 bhe two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the(5pf t/.4vy4k jk/,ujiey uvn decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then they sypdr4 7nq;m5.rt-a lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the(m lbyra,/i am j9wmwf1,l3*p $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o46x6g6qw c:rsfr q; zd*1jwoq f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of ( l(ssh/e43jbukg khsabc*y/wkj; do) ru+0-
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidde9n+urfrgf,pit:qb; 8a z4g0 q n, explain whiufag0i84 :q,;rgzr pft 9+qnbch laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineuzlt.4m;zq1iq otx791t fg 6sztron, (c)sz z.t1; zmq41ql69xt tfio 7g a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the followiluvu :mja1e0 zc. :w*ozd7m1 sk6nz q;ng quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combina: bmzj(s8g:a .71f;r x+;trmz qpoysrtion needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Belowim/f 5e vs28hxushvg 0.6l:yk ) for the reaction h gsxvs/0 ei:v.8m6 hl2y5kfu$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the 5 g v( xevvlq 0**gbmbn4lbh/8reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Whaf,w6k4l kjb:6 +j mq0jppv1zgt is its wavelength?1g+4kwqpp:fk 6vjzjjmbl 6,0
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into l* 1. lks/;b1,bjveg(f dmohxthe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2bkvj;hsbge.f1ml,1 d x(o/*l.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihila;jfzp05kg ee+sh3-y lte each othej53+ye; eg0lkzp fh- sr? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by wa.*1*kdtls wsjpzv9 f93z zo( 3* oho;owstf,hat interaction could they occur? For those forbi ,*1az *zosooshs 9l;*td3(9f.3w jzpwtf v kodden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interacti:fucuz 6a:* l5) ze5knv4oxox d 0vh4xon could thed5nafhxul kvo :u6co*x:x5)ze v0 44zy occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a *d- cx(iw0ytj $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theor:sm5 (.kts./zgnxa n v5o1pk by at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, f8 kd 0lcvj)ot+or producing a pion. ojv+c)0k8 ldt $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the cb .m6-+nc sgognc )h1reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are thereu v* c68gtdf2c in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest:rd-kjq 6*pedpq ,i .x and produce two pions, exq,k6pj ir-:d d.q p*$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called h dtcpt 1 q.mkq0;)w+aunification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in-ii 0 4lf* m9lxnyzaa5q3gv4v .vf-g r a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how lo4*my3 llfazv ni5q vg ga-x4v-9ifr0.ng would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the followlupug);xf/61, .u er*cb eog) dz5mizing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to 8le hu(zw-, i kw-uyu/prs f,1describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed on9rzd7mpufy u 63y8m3f light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?