Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, t8kqegb+m9z w-hat could produce a kbew9+g8-z mq$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high s9j w/;zpntr9e q z (y7yj j33zsx-h7yjpeed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than itspy zsx3y7r 9h9jz/nj;7qezj(j- wt3y rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of .my9 aj sfyh(a )u1; )b2ogvpcnormal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact wi)a2b;vogu 1(jf9. c a)mhsypyth our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the ;dx ,6ymm9khwo j *n7qelectromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a ne std8gpv .h25zutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutr2p v5.d hstgz8ino? Explain.

Why is it that a neu* 5wqgio-5+lrfk ad ,mtron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of itsl rkm5+ -w5gq ,oaidf* decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, py,b - h*h) ( dn4whlwg4 jinv:yde2p:electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrinin:b ephyhy24 gw p(-lwj ,*ndvh4 )d:o? A proton?

Check that charge and baryooseon2s : (e,u5x 2ohuxglq47n number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2(5l2 oeen u:xshx sg4ou,o72q .

Which of the particle decays inh 83duucas /*1ui7n hp- mpqd04ce-sb Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactionmu 10dc* e-bqsipach -s4n8pu d uh3/7?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 yxx/cz )c +xie6a3:ucoccur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, aszvm- 8x7:tx end why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interac*vn+ eirvx5crsn kb, m03;c w,eh:r+ dtiob:5es v 0mv nrrwx 3,;i+kh,ern c+d*cn?

Which of the particle decays in Tabl.+;sjef kl:tm)* wzmle 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that wamsp:lgw w x*gy4 m*3u7s massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and didupm4sw:g3* xwl *ygm7 not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a partichuh-z9l ,yhg9 le to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromod ff uub)tewb;e -+b:+kynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiqu)kb-teffubbe u; ++w :arks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free bu k2d/s d.ktpal0:5spv - kr.but not when they are inside the nucleupk/2p- 5ar vdud.0.s sklb t:ks?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is a9yn3s.zz)z fdo,r y(tqa ;r:6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengtcwab68aef p1e9v)gr ,h of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used i cckv6s,1 tul0/qt-txn a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete rb*.pc3c s4 wm 5rgtyl/,ut-k nevolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleratotu. ct3p 5 */m-lnb4cwr s,ygkr? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron oi)a (bf v4p6 -ux,ewlmf Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for 1v,z eie +yp*i8xfx(tpicking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nupfe(+izti v*x81 xy, ecleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How manyj:jk./+mg.;tiv81avoa n cj bf0 pc ,w revolutions do protons make to rea. knb1jvjja8/,pf tcc 0.vam +:o;i gwch a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng2 ,wsm k1d;vw(p)m f+hzkq(0rof9 m lbth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m8uoloqu6yq0 4;:jwj gk 1j3xb )1 kuck is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house thevzuqhm1r 2u z-qk) 3a r3c.f5z magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field willhz)153 avru -fc.q2rm3qzkz u be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takespcr9 oqbi+.5rr * 3kai about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given5ac+. r9k i3 r*iobpqr to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cxi -hh ,la;ga1harge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrota miyh8ztv 8v,9kvh t 654qsl(ron for 1.0-TeV proth,8l (59azvsvq 8i6tm4th ykvons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decay ul4 /; h zhk 8kmm.pbqo3q*ih17rg5qci5a tm2$\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is release(k5y aafuzs w+o:ew.7d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-vor au sf1/40vantineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating parpme3nm7u:xki ;3 y5 gnticle were the kaon instead of the pion. uky pn; m3m7n5gi3 :ex $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kin i6+ ufb bs*imt0--jae +*pyqm6q sz/jetic energ i6/jje qfb--a*sq bups+ miz *m6+0yty must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mfmfr(0 ./ typmc n09njust two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and pro(pnt0.fnycf9jm0 /rmduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W ab 41op*ditgti;j5k d2,j-aoy nd Z pa 2oy bjt4o*;d1ig5 ikt,j d-particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons producednh)z3.0ogg/k5bhca r when a proton and antiproton at rest anrzbg) 3./ho0gkn5a ch nihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and enexo/-rem ho9x+ rgy, that it is impossible for an isolated electxohre9 /+o -mxron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two p/o/n6kycofy:cnwp-v30 scs -vh 9r8ehotons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kc9s3fp y :ckhyo/06nc 8-svrn ve/ -owinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possibyho w y:x-r 2q1o.dfiw ftu0,;le? For those forbidden, explain whatt0if.f:u or1y xd ;oq whyw-,2 laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decay s;/4ids8k d.z c/pe ad$\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the decayii. hmtfhp881 $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energm4g/ ouy r kx.wg;bsh7 3 s19ma-vmlbkc-vl:9y width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thzft29g e /;pdye $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the ,nwqqo.;e6 m sa i3qnre z886l$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (g zmw/(t*-yz8wpq x+zor uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following do(hm ;bl mzrdjw/ee -..+ml+ oecays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which hbml ml( +/j+.rz-owm;edeo .laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thaz* 7tp ki:xtmwb ,08 qs9foyk9t can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a wt9f:sxi7yb,9m0o zp8 k*ktq $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark h2ucx;jndc 52 fy2d ,bcombinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combina8bagdy(8: dbf tion needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the re yyq;8,;tp 5(x5x 8bep pr0y,3cbej nf8obroiaction88r xx5q8eny opjpb , er b5bi yyp;;t0,oc3(f $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram t+* t*pxubdutbm8;hc)u: n0p for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its+ *we z ljf07ty3kh7 i/otoxe6 wavelength? t3+7* i6zklj7 hwoyet0e x/of
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-r)cpli/+2s/ )bde cqfr adius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV eab+sp/qdr e2fl/ ) c)cich revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an elecybhit3 ei2s-/0:e ,dfi rb.th vucedww/04 f+tron and a positron annihilate each oth/e, . hw t0-biu/drei+:icf4fte2v3d0 wbhsyer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, a)p *2wcmgbg/a nd by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exc* g)b/p2awgmplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactoc4stkt 9j1ct; *v4.hb0gg xn,p)o scions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explah0spokt1;co gt,t x *49gnb4jvcsc.) in why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a xslko 2bj:9(kvo s5i ,$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theordd.ui* kp7r gl44 la l/vcg1 r.-q4wfcy at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for dsdx40 (4fytmzi6 1ameach of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. zy si4tax f41d( mm6d0$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valu1o;, qy+s,miirk xf0saovz- ,e for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are therekios*-v1c f4f in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihiffd*;0(h9.e0u1 chb lkxlxv mlate each other at rest and produce two pions, . fmflhd*lcv90( x;1he0kxbu$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unk7fp 06(je(5 y iarjcyification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in tel ztm:9c7t) w6)hg+8s cxfyv qrms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic l c t9yqmv8gcwh): zf6x)7+ stenergy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in tyul /kz6 2sg-7cfa i4ahe following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model tofzc:fgs9y) wt f:.- kk describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of liguuwoq:39+w u y s u+df58zpqm)ht $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?