Give a reaction between two nucleonsb 2q., 9e 2elt)hicc/9qsi ugs3igp7qt*dsr /, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a e2l9hsri9eqgu p gs 3 ,itb)d*/ ts/2q i.qcc7$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at:o u :5skc8mh w6hxdj4 very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest s845dm w:o xkcj:h6uhenergy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made ua7kky+pu9tal .5(htau;o b 3cp of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might h(aa ;7ktby.ukp+a95 t lu hoc3appen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the elecab8hv +8qfgtgzk;+ 5 atromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a parti:m2, e , shcgyqn j9fzhy6m)+dcle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak intera, f hd2yngzmm+6):,syqche9jction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the j,a1q u7dyxki./ynay63 g:dh neutron and one of its decay products (proton) arj 1ua.nx/y36ydyki qhd7:g, ae strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions of9zwateo 4t yn-9g)rjl7ab7 -b*)mi(strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? -a yz*etj7f-oa i49 7)n9wblgt )orbmA proton?

Check that charge and baryon n/tvnuz-sn i )/umber are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.v /zsn-/nitu)

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ocm0wub- *hyb 3k yiia,;cur via the electromagnetic interact0m3iiwbyh kbyu, ; *a-ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occug po;.m2gmi 6 wyf4xntle e/h9q3.+ulr by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, va1q4+ba/ cnydoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via u (zm1qxrxm7.by8c:9zfjv-v the electromagnetic interaction?yuq(v-9m mj1 8 vxrc7 z.:bfxz

Which of the particle y5(ufl kd3:*ca p2lynmdp/0q hi q2r5decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were an*v avw;; 9+epik(hnc;,x lh1tojn;d kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you pa;ilte;+ jv;(d*n 9 kwvchxn,1;on hsay that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a partirgmj 2cfavri)/x 85u8 cle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would i+h5)b ovq7f:.o2i. 8ed v z7gjkv xldwt be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? Wha:l5hzv87e).fk2 w7vqd.oivxo g +b jdt about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when t:gfu+-urcj5 :oq-h ucjic s- 29rwy3 ahey are inside the nucleusr:ios2y9c-:-c -qfhju3ujaw+u cgr5 ?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeVhwqt;qy/ 0 m6q?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 3m3kry2lu6t0 nq)( d yj5-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron+/e2n w2l2o7lt s jjuy in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very hiz.l pcar/;3xck.f4n xfiju9( gh-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator?./n lcki pca 9frx.4 3;jzufx( T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerateqd9kva .y,-km w,o3jm.xob4 xd $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of o*0n83bk u,wri ie+vw the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Comparei3,ebor in wuk0+*v8w each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How manywobuk w:ww:e-e1 /v7m revolutions do protons m-ve/uw k:e :wwm7owb1ake to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengvt7ob*jimqebs7 --0qv yu 55eth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acceler 0e6ljzra+n95nii 7ukate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will beo/7w*q29s nwgj8gb xq used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of enernwq 7jqb/*g29gwxos8 gy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bri. e k6)nwl4giva-ny ;nng the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons iwalnkg6y n. )nve;-4 on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pawj+zv s7o,avh5cunc-i732sjwm6 df5x: y9ekrticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensit ejt3s2knln8-sc -5vk y is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-c2 ksj-ns-n8 ve t3kl5TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is reuyi+wzqpvig, /:az9im: fxf84y,fe t- g4 l6jleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy lst60jy z*1urcm; jb( is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutroajlh/+p.b0vknkps j62pt2m7 n-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range o;c zqf, 54djgb(w0px)cr 4g gif the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion.p g );0igjc(5w,d f4grzxqbc 4 $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with jq j fzw*+j0h-kf0x,nequal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each havh,0fj* f- j+xwz0qnjk e if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic ej0).jvn k89ejbung u (nergy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and )jju9v e8g(kbn0uj.nproduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W a/g,.nbpz q ral*bu9rrcg8e9ggk sq*0 3qoj50 nd Z particles z sgq 0rrbgp*0c5jr8 , qqua*e/9g.gk3oln9b as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton,s/ tgmp:hcvgggw n8/na 9b:+ and antiproton at rest annih tmv : 9,gc p+ngg/wsgb8ah:n/ilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum a)hloco8 6f x:no6lhd+nd energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron tofon )dhoo8 x:hc6l6 l+ radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two phowr5.78leb. u+kffk hw:* lv -ol rf,jstons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic wu7kh.elrj.5l *8r+wb, l-sf: okf fvenergy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thojguy/eec/ )m0se forbidden, e0 e)cym /uegj/xplain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of th eo1r* xe a(:tp/clr3ve two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the elect29th np,pk+yw7tcbd9ron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widz-hbim4bc9 ( n.gz 4hoth and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the -x kalbl04q(7hn qui4: x)oxlu d:u .b$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofo5./ tav ffg20v-0ulhffld3s the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertalw 2j )f 8rgv1z,u/emf4x n2f6y6olck inty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For t mg9xif77 xv :xe:ygo)hose that are forbidden, explain which lix gey:o 7xvg79m):xfaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that uxu3s, , awa3d9qcpe+can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (s9w3u+ aqd3pea x,,c uc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quao8o7y7o.,5y cgu p swjrk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark coefyx8qr2im ;zjl3; ba /to6u2mbination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynljp/ 5k.pqbjx ;m *4u.,mdsiplg6w v/man diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction l b,6u4kj;gm i/l5djwp/ mv*s.xqp p .$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactip1v )f b 7l5,oi gkzztni3(q4non $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Wh6u devnal 0)a bbd/wcr:28. fv8:io gvat is its wavec0an/dv)wl:6b dvr:ioa u ev2.gf 8b 8length?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an ener4v f;ca cz;r6olr rh0wa79q q.enmy)1gy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do thz rlraqq61.4mcea7;fw yo)rhvn;0 c9ey travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is r1m ivg6dwtqv2 x7-pl0eleased when an electron and a positron annihilate each oth tg1imqvvpd0 l-6w27xer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following rbt:s +p47zuq.aqsh;aeactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. a q+ hb.:tsaq7;suz4p
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the followingcm7r.a8zw nh*lin +5 d,ux 4tr reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For th z4xn7dhw 8rnirl5macu,t+* . ose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aonv ) s7 m-b:w2hr,ncr $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at a :-* x e-tfco.ailb mqpg*lawx;14s)ybout $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of thebs +8saf3:k:tt ycma*k5 ei:p reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.a*fcsy eti+mkt3 ba::8 s5pk : $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactiona8(kdvuq7(9my 8 tit;fi,f cn $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are t;3 jlp lz-g2)fmdxs4u here in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other ahzfp+( i-yl --wr hiy 23y/sh. fie.tat rest and produce two pions, -2 f.hi.hz l/ y+(hw yerst--3ifipay $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificat:jjba0uj u.6cion distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper///ecax2u k wj time, measured in a reference frame where the pa/cw x2ea j/ku/rticle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following react qalzmu4bp 94+(n +mbkions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the rea8-es4d9us 95lalu otdction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of ligh6ol6a a 7 fun5.c62v2y/yk,v fyrabfbt $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?