Give a reaction between two nucleons, p0g2xwa.ra:+f; uj)xmqg, jb similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 0,g j ax.xbm+u;)f agr2:jpqw$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kine 36 fdfgvw t;a(1s8lj4wep1/3h wzgbatic energy is much greater than its rest gf/zhfwapes 11aj(tl63b8 vgw3w;d4 energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles f dn -a8*h5ayuw(dlg3qyz 4yst;2x3uto the constituents of normal a23y 4;w shuya * y 5d-tufa8zgq(xdln3toms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a deo n*) /roz/w wfvn +i 9j62xcwksp;6ascay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products,.(fjku+og v/i pki )pk3te.u1o9r yg of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs viiu uk.+j9f.e rk3voy p ig1o /,(gkt)pa the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even tho0m3rm b:at1mough the neutron and one of iamb 0mm:tor13ts decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, ey 7pwp.sbrle ;7w/v a+lectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron wb/er7+l.p7;apwvys take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserve+gkx5vo,,tvvrg l. 4ld in each of the decays in Table 32-2 ,vvgvkxo., 5lt+ glr4.

Which of the particle decny3l32t cl7e/js0t hb/:u uxcays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interact c jtc xlu3/2unlbeyt03:s/h 7ion?

Which of the particle decays ingw(04a csg7wlr u27fv Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does (by6* ) egbi+ gw+- zpxlm4n(rn;hlqz$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagne7 vb*wcflf3j/tic interactionbl7wfv fj/c3*?

Which of the particlea+7ey;3 i 9ri rsa9owu decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color 4z(gdc xnw/:dcharge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you scz d: nd(wg4x/ay that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle;6j 8iraeq8gux)x4llz-k 7 s:lhgtj w:f;p* j to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, woullpc)4oq ci l4is/ p78nd it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarkp npl4sqoc/ 7ic)48i ls? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they 3.,.c iwo(gyewo/rmhbg / ud0are inside the nucleusdw / co, wruo/.(beg0 yh3gi.m?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whosz2,:etdd4bgjk5mz 9i e kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 3v2zd8b 7k)je lmk2 mf.5-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cycmj;gf39.zo55 ol ji rgpky)g2 lotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enerlgt w.)y 48lspc;z.6l tj( yasgy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilasyz4 8gl jcl.yts6w.( l);p tab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceleratebou m; 0oo4bw3 4abvq6d $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking oe+ y73jx,j opj crr+*rut details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucl*c3 7r,yoe+jp j rrx+jeus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. Howwfnu+o-m9a4n bhds; ef2i ( :gbmcg;; many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic ag9 o;eb;mcbu+ wsin-d2fhn;g(f4:m energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength ;utpp+y 6au1 a;r7jtr($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons qno55 yl8w.; t:7 stxvk0ewog ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnet/mvf94-+ uw+ed 6 t0-z(t fpxmkyxhvzs for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of enekev++pz(94/d- thxfvt0mmwy 6 -xuzf rgy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energie/1 kgyx4yx v1 4ms(daos of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of thekyx 14os a/m4 (dgvxy1 protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of 3rm:b gh v4) v6kz8yf+nqdk- oa particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabk8l(r*)v(ra re;5 o t:csaphjjp,8 s r synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proton8r8kp e (h (pj r5csv)tsj;rr*a l,o:as? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decaes (rad( 3t)s h31lx:ogos8cby $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when av5w0 ) tyfy1ncvyrr5 ; $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutq *.mgb tmjx 3*i4s9ho m1;ksrron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were thhvhqio2n3 6*cm+k 3)aphid +pe kaon insteahik32 +*h 6oidh3 qpc)va np+md of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. Wh7ge)bp;o xai cw, 9) 5i5,l ob/yomiquat minimum kinetic eneryo,)quolii/xc i , m55gob 9aw)ebp; 7gy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrb-d7l xsuw89 -;h ,zzws2 ahysons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and prod, zbsly2h-su8 s;hdww9a7x- z uce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of z3z a v//b.vkt7cq/ lothe weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z p7v/zaz q3tv o/k/lc.barticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiprotoa e:gszmau(8 :n at rest gz :8eua:ams( annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum a.,8 wq9x(qzqf. +q8 bt+qw4f cnhq mknnd energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind,.bw8xckq48qw t z,.mq 9 fqf(+h nnqq+ how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wap;ojhd 7 azm:/cv j kmd9b,26vvelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, eack bj p9; 2amzdm,6cjv/odv: h7h with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, eh z)psdu 65gz/z0g2bcrv30zb-l; emhxplain what la53pvh2 0)gzrgzclzsbe z u/;-m0d h6bws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products i l6qmgmx*)t z alt0gw8s .o/-ntci8h 4n the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kin aa:io f45vr+bwuow xzo512*v etic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetimc+ n 4cc*9k6f/5+ntl +qzrizx)*cbqllk1 g rpe of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of u.1a7m,vkw5io5v(g- pz z-m1guoki y the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o)h :fuf l7om7vf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (rc w6zg wmc9tqsk99t lf2 fw( n(534ynor uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that ar/7ho k:6l.sc yaz 7qfne forbidden, explain which 67:n/ o7lqz.yahskcflaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that canav)96q wi wg/f form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, fgw6v/q 9wi)a (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combe5u-lj(gki l+ inations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed p-bylnjl/wx. b92b7h to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynmfv3n)/ cn1lo ig*fd 2ax9xb d7an diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactioncfn3df2ag bid *xv)7x/1 9l on $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for 2p. obm2r kf -)y4 xxpeaigf7t/9; ecsthe reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic enertyya+qo-r(m 5.( wh vlgy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? lmor(a(h+.vwyt- y5q
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radiwnriyw h7*6s,j1vi*yz;6 ; (ntxxzh fq.tv )mus Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to rev*h7w) fv6wyiz z mrn;h j ;q.ts,x6 (1itn*xyach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron ad x nt2i2e5gja3 3hx,pnnihilate each other? dx2 53gin jxtpeh,a32$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could thxn nuh /c*wg4e iwl(9+ey occur? Fu (wn/nh xwgil+94 ec*or those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactioj1zg1xg.qar:*ke (ra :bn 8xv n could they occur? For tr azq(*b 8g .:gr:k1vxj1xnae hose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for ad 2a6i15/zrfd dabn(wy ea) elyj717t $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs iwp t/zsz59kkq8 7e+iwne .wxt8 /j4otn the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. a b+fj 0pm612nmxbzr* 32-4, for producing a pion. a 2n 6m1b0xb*z+pfr jm$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rear vwd+zbag4vj ws+p6) f207gjction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are vxytduowg)-qh 0.lpu9a,,a ,there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions,5d(*(nw np/.nx irzf q .(nn5z nr*f/idwp x(q$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance5y65r- /u 4x5h8 svd fwzioiaz of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms f7k+6-oz,wtce qfp r55 ng4aiof proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as m+fnqk , i af -4z5t7croweg56peasured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing j ecc1 own+v)3yf;/oi particle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe xgp (9k-jc2iwthe reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of l 6z2kh9l 8znf.p t7tsmth 36cqight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?