Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32- cq(gmdw ro/5ct37mi 94, that could produce a wqdc (rmi7o/93 mtg5c $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, scp0i(ja u3*dqv*z77us xq2n wo that its kinetic energy is much greater than its2w73q( uaip sdcuv*qz *n07j x rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made u b/ hgthjg)r:yimz 59/p of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in coz /g5m/jygh9i: t)b hrntact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signu hd1-k(q9wnnals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particgr2s 2lpv0s tjw7 j2yvr4s0en j:2vc7 le necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the we vrc2lj0gssst 24 jpvjr:yve072 2n 7wak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the n fte7 uz; r-q *1yj9kxs+tcgfsj9am lof)).j8eutron and one of its decay products (proton) fxtj q89 +9r)fk ya 7slf)e jgc;uj-.zs*tom1are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic,djn: r:o1m x(y weak, gravitational) does an electron take pa ::mj1no(rxydrt in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryat h4q1nf,x )vol79m won number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 3h7xm w)oqn1va4, 9tlf2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic inn/wwb3alv+ 1uyhn m+5 teraction?hwuva/ w31+yblm5+nn

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the i /cbik 67.3d):nzafo ev:zda weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does5,4iu)ken 8uhcg y o0x $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetice; l0f u0a:qkk interactik u0;:a 0efklqon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 329v6mlmf 2 6ksj-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinoletsqtl;py p )ktf72.m9f" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force.ml)pyp7sq2 ; .ff9ktt Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both nrf/)bm 5m5xbin n,2o
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, wgk7lp-)yjve047zz b 2 nv u8 qu.skh0bould it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about t q0g-hkk0zj7487u. yn2bevu sbvl pz) wo quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay wb2/g /ehkf4ev0n vzob 5+kr8(ufg)juhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleuz08 /+ 4ok/ bg5(efuhnjbrvkefv u 2g)s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton wh-g nu/r h7h0 z0vk0gmpy+.jj yose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV ul*c,(m4yn tg electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cycr)zmi2*bkw jknkw )icp z 8821lotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in thyf6e nsc-5xb;0p)yoa *ld x5ne 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerax6 ny5nxel -*ya5c ;sb )o0pdftor? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceler9a (;rvxh klk3 dze6w4ated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV o9 fxoa8*d)l dalpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengd l*f8oo)d9a xths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutinvx10porlz u,q f)a:-ons do protons make tooa-vlfxz:qnu 10,r)p reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength 2*.rxz emi9( bugmb6w ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons (y6: q+oy ebfhf0 6fge )mwe8rpu :q6p7jeav+.$^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large rwtn6,+fmbk4y 9 xz +j :gnvf-Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requ+y6m w+9bxvg4f,k:ftn zn- j rired? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes abor8qc9ict ;;rt ut 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is docttci;r 8r;q9 ne once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cha xs8je,xz/8 xorge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity iskv,+tglute kb5r1tw/cuv 9+ r6 a. (qj needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proton vt+uker9t 51q 6tgar(+bvkc,uw/.lj s? B =    T

  How much energy is r2 /,nqk jvzx:ulx nn4b (8htd-eleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy istaw rap8o8fu/mg+-/5.i0 z-r 2dbplnx-z evs released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron plik0t;s 4b o vdw5hx.;air?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the*8 65 aca0by cb;fxisu strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon in8;f a0ybasucb5c x6 i*stead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each othe-z900szwu vgjk,lx05a xw9m v r with equal speeds. What minimum kinetia0xvxkm- ,zw g0 j z0v59ul9swc energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they nr*2: syk6y7ca(j pllare traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produ*r2y:j ( pncky s6lal7ce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the massebjfms )j0z8z os)0h(vs of the W and Z v8zs0)(jjshm) 0 fbz oparticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photohu)dl.mk0 ;- ;(5ijmb z hwullns produced when a proton and antiproton at rest wjk(0; hz ;li5)u.mhl-mld ubannihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an i7wasz qkb:wnn*n08g d+ q eiy fp8*q.:solated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defenieq nnbp7 8q8d:nk+gw.ya*:s*zfw q 0d the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths yr legtzwy,r4v6 n qk)1r:-.o a//cnwof the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic eo4 6 1ryrq: r/-.awkewny ,ztcg/ )vnlnergy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, ex/f2*+ rbt- :tvqgjwl xplain what laws are vitrxj* :tqv-w2f+bl /golated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of b9 o7 pj*sjf. +r+aroimux:7b each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum f6sgc49 ni d m1ta i 8cn6in)yqt-f29jkinetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widthorrte4, qqr7 m )ix95k and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th yr x d3wmcq3vim7u0 u5hh(2a4e $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of1 km- bqf;s(lw the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy widob97d/ i g98;nadup dlth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For thcn5r4fa .qxy4 ose that are forbidden, explain which laws areya4xrc.5f n4q violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (j.ot7ky 9go;ro6) o9ebka ck5 a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a9obrkto 97ako.)ec6yk g5j; o $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quarfe:m5w* zp5u ik combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed aue;( c,- ouzlan p*h.to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagraen3zbd fwzvn.1w(kxdfj* * gl0 3vp2 +m using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction*w p*kdbxzezf.f2 wn n10l(vdvjg + 33 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram f*0.l/q2(a n.ttm3a pmhs o81bjwz rc ior the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kj8qja5g ly8v +70j8a. gskli of*iv(zinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelenikaovq i7+ygvls*8lj8 j j8 05 (.afgzgth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron withzw gbzt*d14 y,cp4sr/ an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 Mr4csw tb4 y*dz,1gzp/V each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron ann9 mnvcf1:6 sdqugw6f/ihilate each otherf w/gu 966ms q:ncf1dv? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions arehq*so32 8st- loypkir9ws b8- possible, and by what interaction could they occ ry8pl sss-oi w 3b*k9o2t8-hqur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the followin 65mzl+ aporxcxs 0.p+g reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they olz 0+5mxx+oa.csrpp6 ccur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for akh,t coi)/6fkc5x;8 d5rqsc9 h3vst k $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in n(au4*5 ojucythe electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reacti zjn,un;*b5v nons, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.nb ,5zj vun*;n $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fordi ngco 7/;9fkeuood1 8,+8/buwjhso the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water m 7/xkc1xrop9mri:w - kolecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihila3)sbd8(yk-/q ) rc ;uvmx )1x yscqzrbte each other at rest and produce two pions, urqbbxdmz )vxqs yr;-) ()cks1/cy38 $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-mly 2bln51*dozu34xp aqg5y3 called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measure/k4,jzhd bis+dg* +yvd in a referenc +kidz,sjgh*y/d b4 +ve frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle iey-axr8i 0eg8am .v0gn the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactio3p(ixtf*fx o,k*sz(( l9bzfg (lfu6bn $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of li,8u9ujmioc1pz w7 np, ght $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?