Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 38.3 zz; ng(2banly9xcyo c.ug 2-4, that could produce a g zb glc8on.;u(3xz c2nyy9 .a$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at ve djxsiprqgo)i6e2m,-)l14a3; ln jdi ry high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater t -i aineljsd4g)p3m;jr2q,6d1 oi )l xhan its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made yjw,s6. 5dbi rup of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? Wbr.,yidw5 s 6jhat might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a de39xyg* tt ua3scay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of+7fxunvbx+ j-y d-uj 4 a particle necessarily mean that t7u+dbj -yx4xju+f v-n he decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the ner/-z ,qo7lv yfutron andzf qrvly 7-,o/ one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactio b4st*hc8-oa04 pqxj yns (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part 0bpjc ao4t8*sxqh-4y in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of)/idt/1 7oj6bj c tfu1;ljgrh the decays in Table 32-t hgci/jl)tjf/o1 udb 7j16;r2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-25gmjvjit f( 7qlrs:+2 occur via the electromagnetic interactj2lq imv+(rj fgt7s 5:ion?

Which of the particle declghcb/hco6l;kr ,)a 1s/ ec/ says in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, as ,) nu)vf9fzend why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electro* 8 40frroixgemagnetic interactogrf8 *04riex ion?

Which of the particle decays in i-ghck(t wp38m pqw4 :Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no coloi/u4wl(mms nsz5--kj rtvn( tq)f/k ,r charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle evws4 ,fzrk ilq(vt5k-n/j-us /)nm (tm en exists?

  Is it possible for any:5 f 7xfnri.cah+ (m particle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantumxh:esp/+ wi:qcpju 7s .) wt6u chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about h:) p/usu+w6e 7twxsq:.j ip ctwo quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nu ;09*rui:u hqz ktuyblov; )4fcleu;vk:u z9 )0 hyolfru;qi*utb4s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose ki-ls az1h,tio 6netic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV el1-n0ncg6f i -3 dpnlccectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in bonj23i0 (jov which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in ic lxl4 s6+h:bz/mk s3the 1.0-km-radius F+4hl b 6kmx/3szl:is cermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 aw p3ymuc t y61.sp7e4cru* vs7ccelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particlesy-- f( lbrfya( or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nuc(lbr--y af( fyleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV.ts7ao i0e/9gr9wnmqc 1 bxe77 How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic en790/iset eb9 r ax7m cgnq7wo1ergy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt l,xhb+vch(tjo6/j9 yh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m nlffl57* /wii is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be usehv/q j 7b hz5qcv*h.*2p0 xderd to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnet5q r j /cvhq2. dh0vpezx*hb7*ic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 sfz2o9fzm;7bx- dwty* econds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each twfz9otzf7 ;xb-2 *ydmurn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy s67o4z hul/c- giwf j,jej,c9 of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity06snyhjqnvl72z8q m; is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-hl76 j2 y0;8qnszvm qnTeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasewt v5 x:a m/sf4tr2a(4csheg9 d in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releas+t:i2:vouc3ra 0z ad bed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requ8chl)zf 3gniem8t)f;g4 2frj ired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediatsll,v9 kg;*lp a.pyk*ing particle were the kaon instead l *gllk pvk ,.9a;ys*pof the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speehd3fti(;ad y6ds. What minimum kinetic en 3ad(t6; diyfhergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must vlsx3x+253eqnl3ih htwo neutrons each have if they are traveling at ve 3ilx2n+sxhh 3 lq53the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usinlnpb863o u ;eeg Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles asp68u;beno l e3 about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the hhs *x(sjtt:mxwc-- c e4,dcu4c52 sd two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilat dcs :x4c(w, 2s x4dm-ut-ehjst*5 chce? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolatyck y;zat )5t5ed electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can yo 5y;yk5actt )zu defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelenkq2 k:atxwp(;gths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 kqpkwt :ak;2 (xeV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and d 9dn na3,p3q4 evgzc/51ztovdecays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are vio33qtv,v9ncn/4o eap51dzzdg lated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the twoyp fzux22fd .6 products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic eneroqqiql b-.6*ogy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimjhzzi:*6u *q;op hi d/ate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the gx d ernl xh/43vkq0i(s84 x6s)ph5gk$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the4 skwq pzf9r8c*y 1m;g $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy wi p pwch9p fxmwe*k-xx5+5)r) xdth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are z3c)w acde c(11s6h iopossible? For those that are forbidden, explain s1 ccz(i )d1hwo6 eac3which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combf:hd-sn*kr o35hw-kka3 8k0df vvlk9inations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a:fsa39l*03 kvd5-kdorwk h f-nvkh 8k $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produwfmeup88nsa w.9n d60ce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination neededl sm .:sin9uku t7p66h to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using qua7;r z ,1qneurkrks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction1nr7rq, k ze;u $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reacti 8 psl,v1phs y*gzj+3ion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kis*lk;rcxfp s8:l/d3ygf:q(knetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? (q: lsr x/g 3:*lcfpk ;fs8ykd
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-ra+r4wxnj k0v/ ydius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to jvrx +wk4/yn0reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihil +i*w)-;e sooxkwsde4ate each othe x-ko; s* wod4wsee+i)r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are poxx :3nlf:4a lsssible, and by what interaction could they occur? For xlan4 lf3 s:x:those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following react dm3-:gjev/h sions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbgv/ eh3:djsm- idden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a2n.1)rb6*e uu lwc cyt $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowe:i 6ff lrsveslvp,w7(*k (eg;ak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value f/ 76a )01zi1y mkov jayjiuw0nor each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. 0mjyvi o ian6w z)0 kj1u/y71a $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for theolozxp0 a j ec47x7 w;rm+)+eh reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule).zcxam89 q.; zyzgb/mfqnb1fs) r7r?    fermions

  A proton and an antipros( t x)dfp0 yyt+lx08a5fdq s.ton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, dalfspt0yx.8) s q0(5 fd+t xy$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance of bigoi5p3tc2x5hb ht/h1 4:n,z lg ty3$10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are i evl (nb)u5ap2hptzb1dsd ;: (n terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a n:(pb(hvdl1pa s5ut b d)2; eztau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following red47g k5 tcnj)wactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe v)q.p0 u.jtsbthe reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed od**)sb 0)gx3 dkppb hkf light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?