Give a reaction between two nug0zf-7:bga -zy gk6o e f ,ph8qd67qdacleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a p ezfqh-ggg7- 7ayo 6:f6b zdq,d0ak8$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much gzs2n5ze/v u4if 3y q fok4+sa+reater t4o 2is53 +vyf q+a/ks uz4zfenhan its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made7-2ivd m53do5vla6u e i*gxfx up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatou6gfd m2l*xe5 3vvoiad-5i x7 ms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic intera-/dd53ft; di gm qg :tiam/4pyction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay productvvq 9(o8)s6gr hdd zj1s of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occu odzg 96(vq dsv1)r8jhrs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neu )1 wxw,viq.8qqhko6 jtron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron an 1qkqw hjix6v. ,8w)qod one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weane8n)k )yghu 0k, gravitational) does an electron take p 8)g)y ken0uhnart in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserz0 p0kkr3.lsq0pvht1.i 6 bfhved in each of the decays in Table 32-3 fb sp1l00qh6h t.0.z kikrvp2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagn0:dlw5j dfta,o*t9i5 i us 9jeetic interacti5j5,oist ljdt 9*id0awe 9:ufon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak in klcp6odwsd m1, m 0vwp79vz5 5ma,)q4 tgkz1eteraction?

By what interaction, and whv 5bycaicu a408dn1j5y, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle depa(qrb0:2-rc qbq;t3va:tkg81e s lycays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactvka8a1 g:erl0y-:qr ts(cb2bp;qt 3q ion?

Which of the particle decays n.-rw ike+ b ebml.4 lvu33sr)in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" erijg z6f /:0vthat was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this partici gre:jf/0v6z le even exists?

  Is it possible for a particljtopen/c5xzr ,9js :+ 62 /rw5wyv6w wo6pdpie to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would i+)elpvorp1 w.7 09xea;slqadz p )t7f (l;mfdt be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about tq 1fd.x 0r7p7tafma;)e (9+ v;zwll spold)epwo quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they abs6qf3j4.-roxzzg.xh/p2) n nvh go7 re inside the nucleus?v2 z fb. /q ).phg3r 6xgznx4ojh-no7s

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of ;03h fwqbzz b-a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavele dym2 42qkjzc(ngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in +cfap:. z;y.y/skcp c6fnyj/ a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for ;la-bia :ci3 ha very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator cihb3aa-:il;? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exan9jc/xm )/xmbet41c mmple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for myr,e 4oi 4h9xpicking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of thei r9oh,eyi m44xr wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees o. ,qb qwe( hytyl1b*m8f a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetith (,eyb m1w* q8byql.c energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength3m th/ gpb ,b;n j0m0lr:5zlby ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deute ea0 zbqy;jq)/rons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that )2g(lnxnrpc-cgrg+ * k 4-q ikwill be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeVg2r(ln *g4)x+cicq gr - pkk-n. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about77 kj lauble-ane,yik5:e f9 . 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is ak-fk.7 i,ele 5ul:aj9en7by essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charge ,ty8i( y7dbgl/bu w2c $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrottc my228; czliron for 1.0-c;8c22milz yt TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in r4poc;hb omgq 4ymtg2p;z:: ,the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasep/ h9d. fpv e+yiklmnt*/ 5xm7d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron:r+npbg / zwz4u r9s+k pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle/trm.kq vmo)g 1a4of 6/zuqf ) were the kaon instead of the pion. 4kvfqrqt6)um g// f za1)oom. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each ot2fwkz-zuv 8;im5 ,+8tzitr dyher with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy mustzdiwit8u-25+mzz, kv8t rfy; each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mustk6u 4jndy/hoytg8 s4; two neutrons each have if they are traveling at thek/d yh;4 go8nt6y4ju s same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak frv, hgd7i5 mf(c qvl; *gj/gxkpw ;1s3orce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 xg s;3mg1hwg5q*(p dl7v ,ri jfcv/;kto $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a pro v80zjae3f2n h.ov1gynk9 mq(ra svea) 7sl2*ton and antiproton at rest annihil). 79osqneejz a (kn mv321ay*v28va0r hsflgate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolma 34aq9hx6zm e *i odnt;r*,oated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the phot o ,36mi;d*oza aqxthen m9*4ron exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and2*t cl-l7fwve-pcziv ;s) 7xk a posi vv)wl2-* kxi lecpf7- ;tc7sztron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible?p q2,sr0 ci ie::z)b5wu wwn*j For those forbidden, explain what laws jp wquwn5:0w , brz:e)*si2ciare violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the ded2b9 n)b) iytmcay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron*.j4-tpc2+ex* j mg- ob lz5l-xacdl l in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widgl2 v:h4 v*,h v7v;pchf+rvps6vwp+cth and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the gqfb2 h euq(e*-: ;tkitoz-8t(b8wi1n d*huv $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of trzy)fb5/s9b9cy/ eed he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertain:dvp9xx e(,-0 axhragty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are fs.zh ;d( vb3hqorbidden, explaihhbdq z3. v;(sn which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can*+i(p+ hxrkfl4waxx sl;2 ha ; form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, ;+l f alp2xh ( ;iwsk*xah4r+x(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quag(2 ow;d h2jjark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark com0h 1h (-gou9ehbkoe q1+fq+eybination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Be8qj q.s)e). kvchs 8srlow) for the reaction .ec qqv))8 shsksr8j. $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagra8t-noimoj2 y2m for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is i / ovz1v,i+nbtts wavelenvt 1 nboz+i,/vgth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energwm .u 8.hngok3-z,laj y of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how ,m3 hnz.. ugl-o8kajw long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy i c v :kgdiie enh9r6wr2st:8a(2yj4b,s released when an electron and a positron annihilate each othesj2nw9gyr ceth6v: ( 2be8a:,irkdi 4r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactioydqumv60+. b2oqv z e6-mwjh .ns are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those fo6dv m0m hwo6- .e.zqqj vb2y+urbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible0 ki(4co(+4ueppeuz0k aejm z )u(w3p, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. euc4ek(po0e (pjauz pw) 0z3 umi4k+(
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a +:e84 j zzmniu$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abetph-)bkb 0fle *eba) 7/o5suout $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq.pt1z g465rggg12f g po 32-4, for producing a pion.1fz 6pgg51ggop4gr 2t $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for tmqm *8)xev4 nz) mdlzxv:7(rohe reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a wmzsi8jbc-( z3 +epf8utt, 1e w, 4qdfbater molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two piontje) ruenmrgh r 4j*51f:o-:hs, r)nr1-guhj of remtj5*:4 he: $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificapg+)eid (qy:c, 8(rv1b kvvgw tion distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in t,oxpe2fu* ,gl erms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignori ,epl2 ,oux*fgng any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing parti atn ahz2b./ -f qdupmvf-,d4tsq,l0 )cle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe thenotec* l,-tn6k3:5 hmvd ngrw)tw:+u reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lightrk435fw4 op d9q4p hhr $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?