Give a reaction between two nucleons,)(+:)jx g4jfm xquiygu3bt9 c similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a )+xxu3fmi9t :jb)y g4uqjg( c$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is muu mj0 0/bp(u7/wtcctk0s0rioch greater thanur/0pi/ to c0s7k wmc0(0jut b its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made qus -9hh 4u9wj m /y(e,uto0lyup of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter( ut m 49ye0js9,qylo-hu/wuh ?

What particle in a decay signals the electromsbw))n 5p pl-zagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay prh( s1jd ckd8g:a99xzfn u40pne6 th*goducts of a particle necessarily mean that the:f0dgnspzugae9 (1cx n684t 9khdh*j decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the s(.o0, i0gd g j3dhoml dp0m(cneutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strlh,0.opo0ds(mjgc dgi0d (m 3 ongly interacting?

Which of the four intera2ogjyy8 b a08nao.+i*3lkrn nctions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does0 3 ykln nn+ijyoo8ar.a28gb * an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number s5n/o(u/-n 7odya)s0vv nzkm are conserved in each of the decays in Table 3am -vv//zn0 7n5kdso (no)syu2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via thyggcs/:p5 / e/d;fprre electromagnetic interact cp5//e;r/: rgy gdpsfion?

Which of the particle decays i-id8 0knx g tqlc*g ;3,1rux4 chgarg9n Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction,w4tx7cg (l9n t and why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occurh /bor vma, i**y:i wq4y:/wvc via the electromagnetic interact:may*i* q:, 4y ivobw/r/vwh cion?

Which of the particle decays uje(/gp /5ta-)naklain Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinol1 6vf4ira8 r. bvsmztn9:7o qpet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrica vsrf:4mo parnv8 z16tbq7i.9l charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be boo. dr8 qd75b fk+z*bz2kjg h/rth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to fi5).z z-yklr, r9z+ifxnl7 aqu nd particles made up of two quarks and n9-l5fy7) zz.ulkr +rnia,x q zo antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay whe/m)zxa i e8s0ko+(izen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?xz8zse aokm/ (i0ie +)

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy ilbvx4nm,azv5x/(kou;b b6 6e poy8 i 7s 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengb* 8sds4n+lvtu t(/sdocs i7;th of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnxpwkv+q5 / 1x0iau 8odetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one comp6 r a:rwnanl50lete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-kwnal 0ra56n:r m-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceler;9)qrxjkm up4ated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha fr,pq7e /9t.sh tzl p6particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of t6,r stpq.efp9/ h lt7zheir wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cycp* ou-(r x kj9eel-,/ltk2xjllotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make too/ kl e,29 (-*-eptrkxl julxj reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength .r4a:ar 9:2ogw9kmgj d1ap on($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a rcw8o( u3 o* gq,dhyp/9ved-k nadius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large froa)sq*c ,5 7 *wj jf.vma9e2vaek)f Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field e5 m)afwf2ra*o k*9f. avv7jjqse), cwill be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron ta/: zj5g.rmlfjkes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to thejmzf5:/g j.lr protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle jy9lw2szj;8h (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed3o;q i/ m,x8kf9:lwoxtjj9u e at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron,mkjei;8w9x:fo oxtj /9ql u3 for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releamrjxe 9:p g66wsed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when s.0 856 uzfm8p8tgdoxp,orzx5 q r-qc a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutronqas 1m0-k . zr1ld(wat-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating part .:b;/;z:k4 kb rz/x/lrfr/ri to . yfp+djyjvicle were the kaon insteadyr.vr k /;o jfpx4 :t/d/rzb;.ilk :jb yrz/f+ of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speedsz3w it3:s6 aa s9kdy)omjko59. What minimum kinetic)3z 6oaktws9o 9 :m5kidyajs3 energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two n; )( 7 ysvqkm2hs*rogfeutrons each have if they are traveling at f s*yk) (vs7;qh omrg2the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak forp ym283bx6 jehce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and3m6yh bep 8jx2 Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produceda 1da,vvdl/u/ m qn18i when a proton and antiproton at1i /av8 mad/lnuqv,d 1 rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible fz 882 uhd u0hjxu(a)bjor an isolated electron to radiate onljubau)h(882 hjxz0 u dy a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the twsp:n:1zyfo/xhpij9cx d . )o:o photons produced when an electron and a positdc/yn .1jposi : xxph )z9o::fron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactio 7s- ; mor64es4z+ahcsub:ydyns and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws ar:yyze7d4;4a6b m-hcus+os rs e violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in th4fi 8 5e)bsw8ysj cc2ge decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kineticnwmfx0omn*b0a4h a yngs ;(vz8 a:mk1u3a:f - energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the l x9, jpz3)k ooeuwu/5;i7xde cifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofp*bxtj8)j l-dy x(+mm the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of t ,7gga u*1 qd:du6bkvnhe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width b d6/xdtvkuj*wfu60 86l xr1r8ir;lk (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following( duhjd/cbfl2mbvuf7 ,rg 7m2j5nqe3 y*89qv decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explaim7f 39 v ln hf/,gb8(5cqj v2e2qbdmu 7d*ryjun which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutronuwcbt u*y, q c2g.j*s n 18l(umqp)1sn, (b) an antineutron, u8, (tg*ln s2cu*jbcw1 ) qnq1yupms. (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce55 2zh7w km clrcbv97e: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce aj3ag ,g:c7q r*utb 8f9j8z+d.lmikrs $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagra v+.9kzxbtj0i m using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction i+kj 9.bvxtz0 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagrs 8l 5a4ktrc7hrt ;::lh,iae-dfh g9 sam for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of aus5e qa38ywu;scn aq(7vzvuq9oo( ) . proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengthsasu qvq3578v;ouw9n o.zeyqc(() u a?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius F b*k:a r ykv:wm3mt/m7ermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for t rv /akmykmwm::*t3 7bhem to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released(s:t/2.zvsfc,u h cnd when an electron and a positron annihilate each other?z/ fndu(s.t,2 :svhcc $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what xektxo) j*:cv d.2,v-hvaiu4interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. i),-ko hx2tveu4 vx*jv a.:d c
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactioni76 o ;ad31 hpfoq:yphs are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbi d1ahqpy:6;ipoh7 o3 fdden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 2sp:stv*ii:54fg/ nn ws1cqi o() vbx$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at absi 7;t0d**uie sumsa: out $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the .*ic8(kv kmykcz:b5areactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. ck zcb5kay i8v:k*(.m$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value 1l xpdp uvu. qic2*:4afor the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental xd+mh*n*zhy(u 2m-xm fermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprz 4+t xj. j:yco;bm7aioton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, i:.a ;mzcjx7+4yj tob$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance of nqghh9)zb, 3vsyr..0 j 3maus $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pr w qsd)37 7ph sx (/db;pj1gbjwvmwo39oper time, measured in a reference frame where the pojm d)w sph 7gqwbsj3 x91(v;/dw7bp3article is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing k 6zxit ge*kn57(gv1iparticle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactionr8 cy)yj1lmgqu9b, :r $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lightu0(xb: xz: ci(ajp; bfns0 u3u $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?