Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, th4yhg ikcgm5ks 82u: ;wat could produce a wkm;gygu2k4 sc:5i 8h$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that i.1fxon o(t pt-ts kinetic energy is much greater than its rest ton1opfx -(t .energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles pb dmzu1w09:2 (7*axe jhftwwto the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in co:1pzwdf0b(7mtahe *w ux2w 9jntact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals 5r; urlj s;-wuthe electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay productv nzp6fd,o 1y// ,1e) of0k 7(tvdvkwy shsm6is of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via thed(1fnzpsy6toykwvhvkme)/ i1 f 6,v 7o d0s/ , weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the eg8i*c.w1:i/-gjbru-d ;rx 9 fc s,wpus qir) weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stronglype g-/, c1 brru*w 8 ciji -9)gqr.dixfswu:;s interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnet55uq,qemf 3b7oi*y ez)frst(ic, weak, gravitational) does an electron tak3ri*f(b sm 5qu q,7ezyo5fe)te part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon nul,87oy.g o7nyzur tb 6mber are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32y6y8 uob log77tnr ,.z-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac -9hi1s qprm:dt sdhm -iqr9p1:ion?

Which of the particle decay-lwxclus;jxte b qq10 ,7,b6ys in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, + a+m ( pa )x73fhztiefb8-*b0vacabdand why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electrom,ke ii6go 2;leagnetic interacieo6 lg,e ki;2tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak1le pcjp/:) kr interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a k2m m.2ib4gka aind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel 24m ibmagk2a. the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both1z;3 sos1/ne1un ej yn
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of qua6mxhzknt 7xf ;j3w(z(ntum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quark( jzk;x(nhxmw7ft 6z3 s and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not whenb 0r7knfw; dwsjj p.b./+5m1 hbs- 8qps8gwoy they are inside the nucleuw g;rn b-s f5bk+87 d8jwsshb.yqo p/j1pmw0.s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protot5ieefbv /xk:cmqz7d4 s2 .l (n whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelen vw), lfz; tc+1f)ofscgth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons wrn2j.zoq)f 5u tlg9;make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time fory0b sb0:oqxt( one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleraty0sx (b0: oqtbor? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exampleejj:/ e5 6dwul 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picj5 t p2qph8;tpzou -eva/)en 0king out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Com 8 t2oap-/epuntep;5hzq0 jv)pare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a h*: bkwg/wcz) mk37wpst0, am cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a ):3agtzwb k /,h p0ws cwm7*mkkinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt. 9,rxbkxhswd,q p4x.u.y;fth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerv hfp+zx7 6e3late deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for0 zwggcbfuyg 1g f2hf8wd.i4 c+;;-ag the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will bg0wf-g d;i zwg21c4 .u8;ahg+cgy bffe required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Ferma sk /hjpp.x8*ilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons opak/h*jxs8 p.n each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a parti9erslrz sdn5 y1./qqob42u ;ecle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1vb xg/qlr 2 g*sb9 k)9c88g*qqj u/zve.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? *v8gb xl/je82rqkqbgvcq u) zsg/ 9 *9 B =    T

  How much energy is releas4+waun pkaf s06l5/zjed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releas1n9 um5zx1z d:w)t+ zm dtr0 3mpnh5uoed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to paf9+reqs2 v 9j)5fywa roduce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong for.d1qn z2/0 a zgizj5idce if the mediating particle were the kaon insteaniz 025q1 d. zzdagji/d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kin*f4xfh-sxarg t )y;*lp *kgb5etic energy must each f*txafx5rslk4 ;h b p*g*y)-g have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they ule -mxisy-)3m0*q2g yzkem ;are traveling at the same speeqe-gzu02me-x 3y)* y lsim k;md toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak forp xz.e4( .qwfrce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z partic.e.p 4qz(rfxw les as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of3ijb )- t/nbyl the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilnbljyt/b )i-3 ate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated r e :,n94lziqhelectron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this reer9n i4: lhzq,sult in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an emq14 h hb z1pg kod2cz:.cmg0:lectron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energ: hmggmz q o21dbc4:0hpk1zc.y, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reg bbqjc7) p/(aactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws aregacj7)bp (bq/ violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the tw5cz,fuhi9., -3cu7bsr.xnv tvic) uk o products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrstz:6cbumv 5, (g*h2lab/f bion in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the eneit96 57gdkj mjhl:q4c rgy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of lsy2 6 gk mfzjg63qn1eq fs/*0the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of y z +(tz6b,.zd.c lu+di*ixoethe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty j-9/q;veqe uqy3tv e;) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For thosr.zjtm n8eqd0ho5 6k/e that are forbidden, explain which laws are violatezn q0hj 8r/m6o. dekt5d.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (bbb. .n5 0tyqfn) an antineutron, (c) f n5y0.b. qntba $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combiqts64h j /rj0 9owg4wc; ukp;wnations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needeuu .hn(af2*o qd to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaw ) mlt :9s3ahdi8ywj 2*:vqfaction i2l3:q8:wvwj9a s th dyfma)* $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for th6om4j/.bhqug-duz5 re reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton 73. d0gh0s kfmhjskx3whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? k sshmkgj7.f3hx030d
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatoyr, 69-rtyjx ron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by - ,96oxjry ytr2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an zh /c 9vscmi)5electron and a positron annihilate each other? icm vch59s/)z$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pcnyzk df5 728dossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For z2 kndf5y 87dcthose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what wd5r((iiybt0f(3u rs interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain wh( t5yirb(ids(ufw3 0ry.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a cnc73h *u5e,tid:3vr7bc;ejq4a cy .nb6h di $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elec9l+ ar)q f .bpph( i va35vruq)+zbh;dtroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactio81 qly4 ile+ouns, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. q1l4yeoi 8+l u$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactieblx:: 6scyz pkfor 1*i, m58ion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamentalx.rk, lj0*s rx fermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproto arua(lqsw0;q n 00(ggn annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, l ngau0;sq(rgw(qa 00 $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so- vrjsyv896k ecrg0 t6)called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of prog2ak,* eil)o*s nghrk3 6rou/per time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its toe2 url ,/k*s3kri6n)ao*g hgrack be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the fol 2o/75pouirgh2 kttc8(rr y, va64kpfsydd.*lowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reaction4buysutn)4 2 u $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the zt b k78.0zd.lw4cfrbfw ej i8ep8a+e , g;rg+speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?