Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce +;ob:ywt /2zr fxo:zxa xy o+;fx:z2tz/bo:wr $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high sppf/ (f+smwaha w7 qh;yjy .rb7dz.h0 .eed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energhp.ffyrb .aahhmz/.s077qd; w+wjy( y ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the cl8 -5l*wcj; triq*mcdt9bcz7 onstituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with oucq8bl9w7rm i ljt5*-tdz *;ccr normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electr(/n b9gz zpmpujz4 (y +jv)b;nktjf+(omagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino cqgk4ld*4xrxp77 - +z m vd t:cpvx7o:among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Expvrx7:txk*cz vcom -dq p4 +7x:g47ldplain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak-6ehfmtmqpem-a(gy 5xs: 9p7 interaction even though the neutron and 6tq-hm 9:y-pp gee7m5 mx(fas one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four intv. xri/u/( qtweractions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does/(iw qv.xtr u/ an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved ;k38u bpnlgn2c-h1gh in each of the decays in Table 32-np g h;1u82k3bghc- ln2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetix g c/.0fzf z3sernh(9c interacti r 9 f3gs(z.e/fchnzx0on?

Which of the particle dehuvox1fjtbsmz*2k 2g( i) 7/scays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, -(5z 5 cppfyyrdoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the eloekh72mp h(t1,cp ba+ ectromagnetic interaction?h+e ko2b(a1cm h,ppt7

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by11bul,64ffqcxz* qg p0j b:x z the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kizer r01dn+,7u / gwtywnd of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak r nwz0dg1e +/7tyur,w force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to 9qo5 1 plor7y mvn.sjk- -t-zube both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to findn mel3 (+r3 b)qtrf zn62imae7 particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What ab m bn7are2(q3m6ft+rnz le )3iout two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay w+ n g9 shzs:db-4p-erzhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleunzds ehg +z:94b p-s-rs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Gl y*r 3d6hazu-eV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV drwfe *dc2w9+electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is uclp-vkz3f-b )p3 7d1 tajp5yxsed in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one chsn-b,x ca j8(omplete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? ,nh(acj-bs8x T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceleraf mvu--+2 opfcted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pa9 t8+xaebsv (icking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths (a+89 evtbxs awith the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do+(v hq1jks;n r protons make to reach a kinetic energy of;nq svjh+ 1kr( 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthzt 6ue-oyrm:8v56kz2 gc olr) ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.1w);rs + y/vcvz (ihdt0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Largemxnw:6tf t:a*wahsv4v 9 e-7wz;n3 * qv1nwo h Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be 3 na 4z*ws-m ovqv7 whx6wt9*nn f:we:1ha; tvrequired? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatrs3f5nkug nsm28z9u t(7h2-kdf;ef l non takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. 2 lf ( ut8uks 35gn-mnzs7en h9;kfd2fEstimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle:dzchw i-hh *zf) .b2h (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab dnxw+s8 wb.j6 synchrotron for 1.0 w. 6jb8+ndwsx-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in thrqjl os1m1j0o.9m (sfe decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is5 7tzefa e *n8pxwj-9o*i( bnravr2s6 released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to prodpn f6.pe6 j,zu(ns r6mr4qe*a uce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaol :n1p(7 tilod6r6 m yug;2w+0szs6 kok2s eiyn instodki(s; ori 2y1k2y+ues7 lw66n6: mlsgp0ztead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equ e g1u8pdiijah*f70t s4-/azaal speeds. What minimum kinetics/8aitfa-7 a j0* uzeh41dp gi energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling ap;f:6 ogwnqh8 c0gmf)t the same speed toward each other, g)cq m0g8f;n:o w6hfpcollide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W a 80r/o.l( slqnlow f;end Z particles as about 80./;flesoornw l8(l q0 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of tf5ee+:i8 zz0h7 rpxii he two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest anzp: ie05 frzih8ixe7+ nihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolateqot)h2bu 8bp 1d electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how canp1o2b8 t)qub h you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when antx1b .+d/vmxmh e f;t3 electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinebmmf/vht.;e1+xdx 3 t tic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are po:jvzg 0qme,7sewb wlmy)6 ;6bssible? For those forbidden, explaieqs6ye7jmzlb 0 ;) wm:b6gwv,n what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic enerrxv abxgp(333mn4c l/gy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of thttr2 s*f;j*w 5f/o.aw4ddm v re electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to el:bn03r,1 ueo/ ok2dgpw,qfn stimate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thfq-veg q.wd.( / mj,tu. 73xrz frjn,he $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o .so)q)uuew:dh- epa ljx3*5if the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (oruljtuim; 7tx);zd :g( uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those *.:mrgl8dp8 dw-ygni4c9 lhet4do p. that are forbidden, explain which laws are viola8dpm d-4 c4y lg*9:8et.lg rp.ohniwdted.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark comb+ a*-twpd5 qi/)w9 spadvt3;n nnz hb-inations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (cd-a pzqh*+dtpt9 -s53 ) ;nwnv n/ibwa) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following qk,goj ekjtu ,++,ft2euark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce a f;i/b; vll 7e xoffe+;$D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction hx1xd4o n r(5ne+dhn.(xe51.n4hd xrd+o hnn $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagraz8*lstji ja,0- hi yt+m for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a2xo) iuku)5/cb onp8 s proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wav )i 8unouoc/)xkb s5p2elength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radiusa s2s wudz-b/iz4/x+jtfi. 6k Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how -+u4ii /f/6t ks wx2azzj bsd.far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate each v5w(b an-v.q ro5v w-v (a.nbrqther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what intera;iu ;a+drevzvxm2 s318 a2pyjction could they occur? For those forbidden, exm+px id3v sa euv;;82az1r yj2plain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what 9+zf ojm /ul-n 5uf0mod5u0p dinteraction could they occur? For those forbidden, expll055fpjozmdmu0udnf/+ u o-9 ain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a *qu t)vkh1*vy ;(ccv z$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in) joo7ldf0y j2 the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of thes584jy-m mgwk.3x ct lar77 nze- b(sx reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. ya ecmrmjk g7-w8-(z. 5t 4 7x3slsbnx$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value y/58b n/skjh nfor the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fg t6q z972cr1og 3r2ptt8isxjermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rec1n5ha- 6j5nzcb1gmr cz2 (dost and produce two pions, z ocj26 m-d(1ccbn zar gh515n$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificationsk yt+0*-ahi e distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2o)o bgo .tva 2a)92hal are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in t9a ta) 22o)vglha.ob ohe lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the folasja vo.z/ v/lp:pbzj:9ax 6 8lowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to dke18 3g8- kdl/ etbtgwescribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the ;hqyn3i bv gzv+ h-eg*iy+5t59ulp3ospeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?