Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could do.,t. vha,k r g+8v 4clishnaz(vg34produce a 4cr 3nag., ltgih8so d.( hzvv ak,+v4$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is 0f ea-8dj6w/ p.p5elnc f oam0much greater than -0/eapf l w5omjf0n.c ad8e 6pits rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the anti7kf6u k/ 9hh(3cbu9vr tvigi5particles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happi9kh v5v67urhfgbtk ci u(/93en if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electron u0;.oh:f2w/cdqinf magnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a par 9: d-5mxtxnkt ; w*5edgq xjz4uhq6o0ticle necessarily mean that the decay q h to6:e g xq49t5x0;jdkzu -d*n5wmxoccurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via6u(nm rf9ea3d riz +9d the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay 6 erdmirfd9z 9u3a+(nproducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, e,/ jbhnp;/k mit0eoc7ye m:(ylectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in?jp,/ e ty e:;on0c/ykih7 bmm( A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Th3jf,xrxid m3 xpfj9:qi h,+(able 32-2 pd(qi:xr jhf,x mh39jifx3+, .

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interawm/,+k hq6d5t (c hh 049/btio4j q6mmizdu oyction?+4cj /u4w6oq06 i ihm/dtd5h(q9hoz,tymk bm

Which of the particle decays iajbepzf4w1e/z: (*bxm6u9pd n Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, do+yw4z ;oi1 aqoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Tabla0 5 dleln01 7/(u4dds hahwkee 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?7ah al /sn0dd e5edh(1k wl0u4

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak inte ((uazenv5) cv-kyage/qvqn, 0 z2u6s raction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no col8/wd. )xzu v6z,tzuybor charge or e,8x ubz)z/y .zw6uv tdlectrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a ph cev 7pwtcbs06v2s./article to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find parti,u/1 i-tywou1:voq/si 8 zpxicles made up of two quarks and no anti-wxq /o/:i it1y8 ousuv1 zpi,quarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not whe2 dx01qf(jz 5popth -qn they are inside the nucleus?h po jxq2 5f1zdq-(pt0

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineh(x; /hnc zs i;5p/axmtic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 3tu oadpbny1: gw6 7m79(5fxpv5-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetibji p:l z7+vyu-)hcd*c field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revout*fq9vns;+dye0nl(g e 6r r+ lution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T; 0rr6g*fq+ (v9yn+ esdt leun =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron lmi):q e* 0.i17wto jhkbe;y e2deeja7f1a,hof Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha pa+td 5 93q0qve3oy-icrlsi mm(rticles or 30-MeV pro3sd m-3qt(ly90m5voq+ii e r ctons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How mv :4jrgq/tqha+ ( 0r7qfxb3sp any revolutions do protonsj7q 3a/04 (rtg:+qhbv sxprfq make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength yak v0w wd1kpus 7:p*,yr +)3vzjcpz 7($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelera1-r0j 7sfpjn0ddrxs)xrluop 113r .jgkg - f0te deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used t1 exwj vi/ 6+n kk6v.:sup*ygao house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 xg6k a*+:vy/uiw.n jsv1kp6eTeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to b /mipno6g*:zi ring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done onc* g6ipz nom:/ie per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy q.fe 2 /ple9,;zrc0ejhs ;sm7l) oho hof a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0p3d-vx . o wt-bhbt72m-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protont.3m-bhvo dp2t-bx w7s? B =    T

  How much energy is rio,f3 .n29rqga bb.keeleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is reky15/e i8zro xleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to 9bst7l1y;;eyv*9.fnck2yk ( uyho+vfxt 9 pf produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating pzhn w l 6ud.z xe6068:vahgm3zarticle were the kaon instead o6 .8dhxv6 :hwmgae06 z3zn lzuf the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each xe ntpd5 q:4q6other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy musqq65x t4ed:pnt each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons *3pj ki5tz-cazfc+ 3keach have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produc+kj *5 pztc c-ik3fz3ae a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, gv1 wpss7.v yao1)zqt7+ yjx y,iven the masses of the W a+p vyj a1,)zt.wy 7svyx17qos nd Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths ou31ttf lw w7mz me mn5ww+,e0*f the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at re 1wwwmm7el +wzn*t5,tfm3 ue 0st annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an iso9 h 2gcwe borcl8a)udn5 ff:1)c)mlq5lated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchan8w f cqc52re mb5nfo:lghc)au9l) d1) ge diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons e zwky40:dl m.produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 kedw0ye:z.4 mk lV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are4c+/. nxrp( fn sbc(dz possible? For those forbidden, explain wps+( / rczn4(xcb.df nhat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of ur/ia:p zxa3;the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the unmcod :g/0+vn16e k *k: ,fs 1kckygielectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifica:xjf dmgx ),h4-g /etime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of f78k +0tc xxvzi3lu/uthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o28 hzau / l;m80odwi bc7w)qyyf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (olyh d2 n1iss8dd77wm+r uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that areg)5rd /mgq nql a.py7. forbidden, explain whicmya5qq7.p/ .dg ) rgnlh laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can formjw*zhxe96g.dk3v)s7z k3 b ln (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (.l v)3xsh ezd*6z b3wkjg97nkc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following ejq(t/xfc41 rquark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produc.m d7ow;tfm fx rrs5 h3 zdf7i1.)v.yje a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fo:dha16o8 k74a4u+ moiipy dozr the reaction 7i yozoda1ou+44kad mp:6h8i $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for thla23qpu(/6cn4b r oy le reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a paz 3cmo+ xyfgd14g- ii3mkb /,roton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? kz3y -d/+gm, cmg 3iobf1iax4
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy oyne+ea:r(kql;p/3 b1 vx n om7f 150 GeV. If the1(+yekp;ovbrn3a7nx :/ melqy are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy mu qgqn 8 nzxx1 6v(c,0cewk;9is released when an electron and a positron annihilate each zg6q,xxkw9 c(nn 81c;me0 uq vother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followi58zlzjc 5g,q wng reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occu c,qzg8zl55j wr? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction u3/lmxsci azd:p7 u(j ;op+o.could they occur? For those forbidden, expla3c ioo;up 7jumspa +./x zd(l:in why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a tss 2m/xwt .k9$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elec;f mkqr x+q ej5ml53c2troweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactg;oypj s9a xfgr r-mu-(;72imm1y h*hions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.msx-g2j1;m9h( *u ;gah-rmpy yri7of $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reab)z: r4ozv4 1wpmz:rqe3 l 27cxvlf ug1bld9-ction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molex1+ cuol9,h6g w7; xhro fvfwyg45m+gcule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each oteue+rwn fl56 prv);j0her at rest and produce two pions, ujr)6v f5en;w l+e 0rp$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unv ma*si :c8lks6 m,uk0lc2 5ptx8 .jgbification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a r108 pf8 xbzzgyeference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions?8x8 1fyg0bzp z $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particlefxt1) h9x 1c9n(jjtjk in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the react7wjzs pelg:mf( 6.nj1ion $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of3lc7l,n1j h+ /2c rp9qwqwijn light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?