Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could pybg t/cx ser7k7 tfd)tb//y: ;vtr .+rroduce a tyd r7 vxrg/ bt.:fbts +/kryec;7/)t$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic 5mtz3oae;xh2d5o0b ymw+ u/ fenergy is much greater than it+5owa32yx m/zmob5hd ;tu0ef s rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to 2v;qwtj +6s0) z5 rhb luapzi0the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, cabpz0j2)+;risv l0 tzau 56hwqme in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a depmsmq /7b /9e) a,cydacay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neu+s-i ewdm4tim .r h+(atrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction priwr4+.e-h+mad (sit moduce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak i m+yhthn4y u:4el2co snj w1*7nteraction even though the neutron and onln+cw* yt7:j4 snoh12y4m huee of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, g644p xfh4drd:ln9utwravitational) does an electron take part inrfl4dnu4h4 xpt69 :d w? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and bary enrz ndid:ov-3i2 k-+on number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2-3o:iv n 2zirn-e+ddk .

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the eleci51p g+a*a5k, s+bhjh a mwa hgm460beyb7rg6tromagnetic interactionab jhahi* 5e,sraybm+h5gm 76gp1 g 06+4wakb?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the w3 kn* f;do4hbg53oamrd xin5-eak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, dooumhkgi; g6eiy1xs /l,855o p es $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnu f fkikgtr-x.1zx+p20(5sp petic interac fp1ukgp5z-(x+pfrtx .0 is 2ktion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction? jjzih+ vh)4jl/f +vp1h+zv hm/qcw:0

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massl,q025acf m*t +vmxzlness, had no color charge or electricfnqxtzm+c 02 5*m,alv al charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a pheg)32 qrs)hubx(bc + article to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to f*pcrpef2x23 y4 fl5, 9uccwz sind particles made up ,2u5 ce cxf*4wfp3cr sy2zl9p of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are ov:j) yc*7dauinside the nucleuavj:*cud y7o)s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Gegg z* e9 p+ti(k7ws+qdV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleno-vgo z qm .kbhh o,ppl6.,:+)ri;n xugth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used intxn 9pq9/b1nu a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton iyg qf4+ycq t0sc(,enl5p8j 2rn the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleras ey+ fg4pr0 q(8yc2tqcl n5j,tor? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-zrki- bgqr tlh/*n-0y-9 is p)2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out zhd/b: 1w*mgfrlx6rv0 l p itr,,s9e+details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their :rs*hl0e, /l d bf9ipt1 v gx+zrr6mw,wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revoluthdcey5ada- l +7bhie4pi3,c 9ions do protbi d5 -y3hi ,4p79celhcaad e+ons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (szfhi)c y+k8huo2:)g $\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 .3nfa; d9mytc m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that 6 ;/rtxl-sn77jv c vos y0s/gdwill be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton bea-ol;nv7xsgs yv6r7t /cjs 0/dms of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 2047*4y lq ncjhx seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn4c4 *y nqlh7xj. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energyug1(8k0u w hqn of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synch.yz1yidvg. ,6m,m ziz rotron for 1.0-TeV pro1.mg6zzzv,i yi. dy ,mtons? B =    T

  How much energy is released inv,u t)xno:h te* bxtd ku8hn8pz5*w.3 3xryw+ the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy4,k.vb6v;hb0eq f zp l is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is reqgg5ol xb4 y*fc0g9q(fkx8 im/uired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediatin;ny1 ep.vb* a.tbjm ew. g9gj,g particle were the kaon instead o;y.wpt.aem e9 *.1 nvj ,bgjgbf the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward snk dx5)*ublw/85 wbieach other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy musts/5b i8w5bd nkux) *lw each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy -g3 )eole )u2cno5fpsmust two neutrons each have if they are traveling at tho 2 pes)n5-fug3l oc)ee same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of tf30ck ( e;oiogv3w ncebxk9*b:; gsn2he W and Z particles as about 80 to ing(f b* 3 ce; 2ce09owv3kxo:gbskn ;$90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produc p( .3nyn4 pz/n/8okox ixuhmqe5wi08ed when a proton and antiproton at rest annihin hnqoxw4ueo nm.i830 /(/pyxk8zpi5late? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum an.sv( zetil+w5d energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchangez (l.st v5w+ei diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an e.yc )))kopf1 z4fctsrlectron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on?)fory tf )ck zs4)1cp. $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are pobv2cezir 9 j)-ssible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. v) 9 j-cizreb2
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in thqje:r rp ed,f msy8* wz55+vi7e decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetickg-ijw 5s3el2mlm +y8 energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energaw/ )-am 6 y(tdk,vbhuy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thlw cw-k8 s sz+t/126 /gnktzvpe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of theh tzi) 5ve 2p6zh n.2it/ds-su l7as7e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncert1jr-kw3v zqw 2d)7ude ainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following jw4*r xhuv3x:decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violated. ru:xw*4v jx 3h
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark c)c.k 0tp esci.ombinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, ()t s0k i.pe.ccc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quacwv:ccdeh.w )..bqttr3r r(3kn5 : k lrk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combkvb1s 8 o7njz2ination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below)msl siox2pc59 ;xek t2i8kms :n1)g,w for the reaction e:2kismit, s5n c82kx;1sp)gow9 mxl $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagraz3n-yqa 21z o:( ,fleq-ptdrtm for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a prvajjcwf 2ysr51(et2 5oton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? yfjwe52 j 5 2s1tac(rv
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabwo*hii f5,h(q Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, hof5 hw,ih* (oiqw far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released o(b69puke1f rhr/q f3 when an electron and a positron annihilate each o frur16bp /fh3eoq9(kther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction couldr9 - .ya/zhn0alq e5ek the.z5e ar -q/0hyk9alney occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reae)jqzhj 3 u*x,vwq vgxnzv r0+g4/zj :/m;n7mctions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. nm0w;h/3vv:v q)gq,j g nu7jmzj+ xxzer4/z*
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a +b1yfk* j: q,pas6pwx$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at aba:75ih t.u rabout $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for vno1u-s/ jcm9 +vvmaw q-ef-4each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. e/uo-vq94-1sj wnm va+ -c fmv$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuex0 7 h+ohfs;gxdfvt59 for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecu32 )mpn+ms r9,hha +w6dr es a8epsl6ble?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprot2 wly6)zb,i091 s+ok*kf r8bgl awwgton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, wwo9,if+g2r6z)t l*yb l8wb ak g0k1s $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distwxhxi0.46fel:y- z qqance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measury,m 3 4wgvf0rff) l-s4e;uryjed in a reference frame where the parfsrl yg43 w04j,fr-;m f e)yvuticle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. 6bz(ji (xda; thb e5w-
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the 5 z1 jnn1 ere.05e7-l1esje im-wnupnqi :x3qreaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of l* 5+,nseqyenpight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?