Give a reaction between tw9+7vi*cfpd z r; +wxuuo nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a u ;rxp ciwud+*vfz9+7$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at vi- kljqo -rlkad2 +q:-ery high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater thak2drq-l-: -ajlioq k+n its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituent9 sg- 4h0zod4 m9 l.nkdxw(gfas of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, cxn dw gsd4 f94(.g09kl h-azomame in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals 1dwvr6z9g f3o(qiq4u the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a,.h+ q81p*3szj23f aub i*c z* uy eb6guirnzr particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interacti6pnu8ja 2y3 ,ir.s zbe czqz* b+uri3*h *uf1gon produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via t7t 9om bsk. st6meosot,55+xbhe weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) aktm5s79. b6 s stmtxeb ,5+ooore strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (stmroad+t ,,*2gk adc: 8. xlbuprong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A prok ut d,2bl:,cmpg*od +rxa8 a.ton?

Check that charge ande95 png8 y nb+ld2h 8s7rw3ezd baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 3z8 w d9e2dgp8n ernsbh5yl+7 32-2.

Which of the particle de fp( wx+o4b2zx-p ccwm(*p t7ecays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction(7cxpw-p* pt fwb+ mc4ox (ze2?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by th9 -/52t9qm c;bzg3zxlsnqdrm e weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, m(0 olk4wyxe l*8-ntb does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 vno9 0/dgwn4fkp+ )zzvj w2 +yoccur via the electromagnetic interaction?)zywf 2g/vj p+z kd04wnov+9n

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 ocy5yhxfef 7n/u nz z;37cur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind o yhc+oz+w:-6gd) u5g3xl e*j5qy rxa3cou (o wf "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical chargewha +(u5)oox 6zj:rcgx5* q+oyguldwc33y -e, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be bot2 9ltsyjgr q zmn1-3m+h
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamic +hlu( ;-pgyv7 -zldozs, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no a+l7 zyud-v zph;log( -ntiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are f cty5 hm(qw,,n-kdhw4(6kats g: n mq8ree but not when they are inside the nucleusmqk,8n4 h t:- day t 5mkhwn6wqg((,cs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35,9r/ 2.vv:s cmh rlbsk4 +frp. 0lsblb GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-Ghz0l4kwm ibbl u 6+6d3eV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in :x6hg-0 e)d v*fjyw,) mtjljhwhich protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revlfpsf 3.+gn, kk1zy3r63e jboolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabojffks3l1 yzr b+33ne,g p6k. accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Examp1gzfcxtlx v2) cd,0z1le 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles alk 4m*kaczw44rck+ 7or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the *rlcck+z44wkm47k aasize of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the d 8 h)ivxxymttvaig4w18 m)0w6ees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 258maix vywt8wv t))h4106ix gm MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng9q, o scu:1xjuth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 8:s 0ijr sgzj,1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large l (+n91siih wxHadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beai iw1h(l+xs9n ms of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fe4/wg sq*s6q n oq tupe)f7bein;3 /vo1-vfrl4rmilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume tha/i;n w 67ogn1ev qb4-4q*epsvut sr/q f3) olft the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (char.2:s )klme n5rjmy2pkyjh w*7 ge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab syn;52xo r e9k i1bd-irjpebt m25chrotron for bm2i;9j55 rbpe2xkto- 1ierd 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in thel lrnwv n ruteot:1f uoglix3-.: .m+/ix..z9 decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is relra5;8 .8c pad -;amfoc0lvpgoeased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neubdr y t4)p*p+xo*etyavno04rv()l x qsv c31+tron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if q6) /lu h,qvjdgc vxdh4a*/;ivnti86the mediating particle were the kaon instead xdi l /4h,u6jv8/*v tvh)ncgadiqq6; of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinq;o) 7 5 .syzzq3e ewx7z/a.eeb)jvvnetic energyvbqnjeo 5)q; y zawz)x3e .7v.7e/z se must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrg cx3/iiw,dv t9xq 68zons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide,q3c,6iwz gx ix9tdv 8/ and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the ma7b1( ggihtlqhm9* o6fsses of the W and Z particles as about 80 to b 9i*m67h(gqghtl 1of $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photonsip *a.t;d7syohttz.-c2x s r) produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? .tist.7;t h2scdp *-rzoxa y)$2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that z3d d:md;f 2a8ap* q use-h.wwit is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) 3z:;daq wwsd* hame.df2p-u8 With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron-qv8h y1e /dym and a positron, each with 420 keV /yh-dvemy8 q 1of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactio4. :bzb7d q2cph zcy9sns and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explaiz:.9p b7d hc qcsbz2y4n what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in uu b( ly:2zy,s1+qyj bthe decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy :o ufavka2,d,5 ayk-iof the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of th c(b/eo d,s63c n ua2m)hfg8e2 ov1xkge $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oey )5i1gq /bigf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of1)kin.-jah mhr:elm yna .n3 ; the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or+xb m*-vca f59 wmv7aygnt(n9 uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays arkokba-irk,v - -.s b3wp 7 chg,;ft*mee possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are bbk -w ;f-a,si -pke,gorvckth. 3*m7violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutrx- x*3+y uwfhqhstzejk2: . x:on, (b) an antineutron, (c) a*f-xt yuw+xj3 zhxske.:h:2 q $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinat(hca 0hh9jn- m)hzt9 sions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark comkdj4q0ky mt/ (er7jc.m r mmf31le55abination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (asoe/63caa 4xdy in Fig. Below) for the reactiony/ o43xcdaea6 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram foqa ns7 h::horl58+ xs-ljw a-1zzp:hor the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a prq 2:uwr6y6vpr oton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavpy: 2 r66wurvqelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected inewy)u:vdc nhp; iv0m6vl/ ;g7tnjz 24to the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 G0 y7pnvg: tc/dmenv; i6 vzuhl2j)4 ;weV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a pogk u9l0;p j*nz4f au6usitron annihilate each otheru;9f6nlau*4j kp zu0 g? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possiblevgop 5g7 .9x hz1.rvr9drum. f, and by what interaction could they occur? For thos9g .fgdzr1uhpo..vr 7mx 9rv 5e forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaatz3o gsqavghvd(d vz 4i-w77xo3;3 6ction could they occur? For those forbzv3 (-a3 goz;h xtog67sv qd7 vwadi34idden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for afmbaov9trc235 /weske 5d ;g8 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elect5+ jeb 8r)5iywchgx/4)lk rx (fdh nog-mg3s1roweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing+, oill/ :mvbvc(lk6g a pion. (l+mlv / b,:civg6lko $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for(j; a.y+ eupom the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there0l7.qupxim k tou t) i8rgps)wbj./hh z3+4*w in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and prunkj ;5d 4d2p ncvxdg11:moo 5oduce two pions, xpguvcn d;5od1:okmj n 12 d45$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification az.h; z-2,zwqc x skt41bd 9ikdistance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are we8o)+pbos 0h+e m7sxin terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the partic+oxepsh+w 8s) 0e7mbole is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reacd/m ejcxg+pvc(k .6*l tions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describy(cviivgwxcnk821 b392*u f ge the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the 3zdb .raf5op.speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?