Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. i ,(u8)gcdve 4x t;xbit lg-p432-4, that could produce a ul,tid48 tg eiv;x(bg)p -cx4$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kineticj ) +g.:tnwxm3qew af2/xyu(g energy is much greater than its rest energy+we:g f2)3wxj xay /gntm.q u( ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituentsiao us8-v22w pa+7-v0waj c wf of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of ma2wfw w-8o2v jc s+ 0paviu-a7atter?

What particle in a du 8tbu33o6v tmecay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay produ 9llu70onci ; el+r(zacts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs vl;u l(a0nilco9+7rezia the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decaysc-7r,drhow( o)dtai* via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly int,cro) ta (o-*whi drd7eracting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagne8.7b z:mjpvf1 gcxxt:tic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part1. xg8bzt7 f:vc:jx pm in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decay7n(jo2f(t kg 5b xl1ays in Table 32tagn2fx o7b5j( k1(ly -2.

Which of the particle a8/ .bpwa56gh ;d;+jamoy+y faxy e 6odecays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?6/y phao.6amgojw+dy a8x e f;5;+aby

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak ie8m q2e rp8g+knteraction?

By what interaction, and why/q -xal54)gckg x oje4m/q)ls, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via thz /b h0*suzh pzp(+56(rmmyr5lu ck j.e electromagnetic interacti0ls* pjzuh 5.c zh5 r/y(mmp( urk6+zbon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak iy5s0 uz .a5zqd( tw)lfnteraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a k(icuk7n, 0ue-bb*a1nf;fm e aind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this (b e e70,uaf1u ckinfb* mn;-aparticle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particow/p d c4d+4x4tla t2sle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possibla x 361l(fg5ouwg0bble to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and3xboaf ll6b 01ugw5(g two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not whesp0 v5sp,o uz:jmvw ,-d xxg5fxl7)fe0i:yb9 n they are inside the nucleu p,w :iy9x ,m7sl ogzfep5u jbxfs :xv00)vd5-s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Ge v:bnq3 1ve69fip,uv0fcar,b V?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E =2f8 ,cvee dov(    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a 7)v;lo(ryh klwf ;4ul cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolut7 knsfyseg8 j /z8z/b;ion for a very high-energy proton in thefg/7 zn; sz8b syjek8/ 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-rm/x st 6ae))qu 7*dpz2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out deta q-p gz5935 mueaglu 7mmpd;;kils of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protop5 e9md5upmzk aq; -; 73lmuggns? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutionln**x,x duyw7 2n .xejs do protons ma2w,xy7ux.e nxj* *dnlke to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthdux),diwv gr6+ e :o;x ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuteronsitu m./)nt0lt 5bbq)gw6lk cpx 17t,y ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to hr5/ g o+ d, lu(vsv.m:e:4qfd iqvpuq/ouse the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requi gvr//:qomesfuqv.v u4+l:dp ,qdi (5red? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 set(mk fc24 tu6gvix(8hf. +hdh conds to bring the energies otvu(f(gtxc 8h + m fi26h.4kdhf the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy k1bvch/ uvqnec49 m6)of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity ik4xwe *mxd(apj1 ti f r(xk3v/wz;r61 s needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protonsmk(/ ixzw texwv*1kj r (x;64dpa3r f1? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the dec lmuiad;(8 k)mruz 2 +y/ntid.ay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releakya8oh4 wgxu( t-kn8sv4l(6 -hx mgg+sed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neu)n p4mw g ;bdqm9,ws( ;xebvs19p zrh;tron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the medu9 655oid:(knjipuw ak4h i ss54n4ygiating particle were the kaon instead i:4a 6s i nkuuks5 owh y4pdn(g95i5j4of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetmskr/vv)0: fv ic energy must each have ir:mvv)s/vf0 k f a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each havecg 79 h+y ;:jba9xsner if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and sg a 9+;j9rh :7bxnceyproduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak forcabm*b(n: +zr 7xp5h7 xkjs4dse using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and s*4(7kxbp+nah dz7: x m5 jsrbZ particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when7 90:qo;mv4 eb4st5bp xp 9uavd0dznw a proton and antiproton a9z p4p00ebv qs9b w5oam4 xd7ndv :tu;t rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isols 6zwz 8 ,wwj:s-l(w cj22upimated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange di us( 2c6 j8,szwwml 2p-:wwijzagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and ai fje( z u1/+sa.( u,-lt/ya;hwvktat positron, each with 420 keV of kin/ua+ taykf; 1/z .us,i(tvaj et(-wh letic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, esaxsuj/ /-qy6xpla qysjasx-6// uin what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two pr6bw0jl ztl-y 3oducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinedmyki3 o vm*7)-3izd ztic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy 1 rnowp3u/y7ke;,x8 di (ywaps6 u*qv width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the:ml 4tejdfq19eur u ab*:q1/qozs s. 0 $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th.du:f4 1 zwpcv+axk:ue $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unvdhs,:ti7ez : certainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, wit 1f(i(m ,cxexplain which laws areiixfwmt1((c , violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (ahl6g ):k beqel1 (yvb9) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,bkgel6y( l qev b:h19) (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark comr0(e. ,flestkfayu 56binations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed t)e3a y j/aam mho6- wgzt-:fk1o produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the 7 *)7rhc.tldjszkw0d reaction k*7.)cwdhrslt j 0zd7$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fiu7xk s8zht vai0aa w9..c;g4or the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total eny;1rs+g xc9 vaergy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is itsx+a; gsvyr1c 9 wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0k);89ik*uc+wk8cu ha : . f1lly bnmbw-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerwyc9m k+ 1;nkawc.b 8luf:l*h bi k8u)ated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate each s;jml7 p8 9ssn 7qz5gsothe z7s sq5ls97;pngmjs8 r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possib 53*xrcjgujm ymue* ilu7;c 7lpejw-s1q*/z)le, and by what interaction could they occur? For tg3l 1zs*w)rjyjmp-uilecec /7qm 5 *u*u;7xjhose forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possibrwz/w a9h3+ 5dkt*jlf;mn xb 9le, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whywl5xt+3fb9w*9k ma n j/zd;rh .
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 8 r fp,vq*77cymjx z*f+*nzrvr0:nsj $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the ck-qrhox 81.oxjk:8o electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, jawhritwu2pb (f84 :4;m7*jjq tw4glfor producing a pion.j;i* gq2jraw4w h7t mw4 j(bl8p:ft4u $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value foci: .bqrsia0ti*qz r,55py 0hr the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are therr 4 yh1n6cbk4ve in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce tw7+ ,9bnxis dtko pions, sx,kd9+7b i nt$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance o(ylb. d, aob hjqh()22r9d*mejl3miaf $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper timeuhy+pgl. z-2g munt fahq 62,9*.jllo, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any c,*g lotu y26f .j2-+9lzl mhug.pqn haollisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in f h j.a 3r4imuy*8pf3opk9k.zthe following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the puhvwt5u-7 y( reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lq j14 fz6taa;light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?