Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could producegrs f 0sa*/g8xb(qajtx/f 6-o a q*8 - /a 0sogbtx/sfjfgx6r( a$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that i1gufsw*zk5, -wtxqc 3(ko/otts kinetic energy is much greatek(wg qtoz1s/- kxcu 3t f*5,owr than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the consthywhg ys9)ck)si 5+7t ituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatom ))g+kt 5y7i wsys9chhs, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the elect9st nb +mogh- 91qhe0sromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a0 w)8v vn5,(id0wj wmyo)demb particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neut viww)n08(j m e50 wo)vyddmb,rino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron 44wih8vo6 g vbdecays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (progi b4vw 64vh8oton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weaka.g) gjsk 8b:,)lxpz e, gravitational) does an electron take part in? j,:a)xgk l. 8gezb p)sA neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of theg759jwe a4ja ktshh.h: w;s+g decays in Table 3ahh4etsja7j ghw; 5g kw9+:s .2-2.

Which of the particle djz/xxfq) j:hx (+u qbt1o 0h3decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactjubf/3h)qoz +:xtjh 0 qd x(x1ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occj9h g02bv/ zxbvi +iz*ur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, am4ux-df nhl 2 lyp8,4qnd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur viai5sk l5zr) 4sr the electromagnetic interact55 4kz)rrlsision?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the wxel37q82r9i /pawkn0csm w 8seak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was mass ahlsv9+8hh-sless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could hsa+ lh8s9-hvyou say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particl kwlkurql,377,:e blb e to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it byy3*7bplh1b; z qcyp/e possible to find particles made up of two quarksyyq ;1ylz h/3bc7pb *p and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free5q ojg69,ct.j b: crzt but not when they are inside the nucleus. z, rtocj:6gcj5bqt 9?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy/tao-2 s9 qoq:.cb oas of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. Eki )y h+7 x/ar,e *dngtm4+xde =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnet+ cb2egreg) r9xie *.fic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very tfab- g3gxz58kg/(y/t1(c pum lgxm5 high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? gtf8m5g pu5-kmgacxb lx/(ztg3y1 (/ T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of .y,bwnv9kk a *s nrq6x,(gs) gExample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details ofd reh(b7au3yr7 5l)l+w) cqpd the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucl5la(p3d7+ edr7cylr)w q b)uheus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron cc7*(orv a/ j jhjh9;iq+u m(xis 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? (i c x7 / mcahv9hqjrjju+*o(;$\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength 59ys.dnh pyc0 xt*ka,($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 lafw/6 , lxx3:mvwaq/m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for txpk*7 p6u; uclhe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magne*x6 uc;lupp7ktic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes aboutny qohdm2a8 zp.qy5-t 9o -kn. 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons ok- yazo 8nd9qny2 htq-.5.mpfrom 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chadt2)nfoc5.w j rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needeskegtt2 gwq5+ cim:1-d at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 5gkmetw12t- qi:s c +g1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in :9d e+ec4 odkst-fu e9the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energyp t2c l7x-e1 oeq 6uz9)rfg6oi is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to (h.3(qkcv xnc)7q * wvw7jdnlproduce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of tm/1n cezzsw r841tkg:1*o hbnhe strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of thg8n1 /c1: trnhwokb14z mez* se pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kiu+d whmma-9vzxbs -o( -8 ea+pnetic energy -e9 msoadp++h(m axu 8vwzb- -must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are trjz;eua,k 8r wrv8m, z1aveling at t, a;,mezr1 vurw8kz 8jhe same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq.0yd )m;se +cl-jtf9 qmo-(ua f 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as ay)t+-d0j; 9 sme-cfol qu(maf bout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced waxnn o .*.xid /kokd84nfa63nkm 2v,:ye f q8hhen a proton and antiproton at rest/y avo8 nnnx,hmd q3f.6:kf xakk4en8i2o* d. annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is ijpzca, .h7 e,p4k hx-umpossible for an isolated ele-uea hc p4pjx.h,k7z,ctron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photonwizm2v j*d 7h 4lx t1t(mw7ug*s produced when an electron and a 7 u1l hj w2wgi7dmvx**4t(mtzpositron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions dmh pad*,4 qiiwms*k-t.d:y *and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws aq.4di*:pi* ydw*-m, s mdkhtare violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products ij:a(sv zalawj4( 3p8 pn the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the el:9*n k29akqj fv ni+yikioj+(ectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy wi sv 6pbam ;f(6t;yab2edth and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of n*(kfuog w7sj5dc5,xthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o 8/vstpmq 1hnmh-j43 kf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of g6-2iiyetjle 7jl:y /
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are j9iz6cf z.gh4 (v)ekjpossible? For those that are forbidden, explain which law9hvzk6gc (.e 4zijj) fs are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinati,m0 4+w;ggmks ubgn,pp f09n pn9)kjtons that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, ( ,;puj0sk )pkmgwmfgtn,9g0n b9p4n +c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: 58 u9;lyp tf03qkv8 t tim:(vt,fjufi(a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combj*yt k-.3hjoh ;3g5 l frwa5rjination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for+izg )y/ss:hh the reaction) yhghsz:si/+ $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactionf2 j* xw5hhcm, $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total ene,afl,bl z18 wurgy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelefa,lw l1uz,b8 ngth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tmk(-x :bxj k9lazz:m 2evatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long doemkb(l:xm2j xzkz-9:a s it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releat x:xl2, ;,zte 8epgyksed when an electron and a positron annihilate each other? z yt2;e8tep:xl,,kx g $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following5te f )ks2gw2uj dud) ug*jm533hyk2g reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? g5kg 25 e)fdm*j3)sy hwuu 2 ktdu3gj2For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are.ummez)m kn;: possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forn;mke :m.m)zu bidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a xv+c00l0al9rsm56j ,p xryc h $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at a* f(sqgdtn) fr6 g9x5about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for prodzegc)14 9cn27i iz mfvucing a pion. 71v nzmzc f4g i9i)2ec $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rexv ):ngf8 gv4vaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there f 5fy* zgs/7c. /bic6k1xyydyin a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate eac0umn0z,zk7 ek h other at rest and produce two pions, 0eu 0knmzzk, 7$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifvh* tqe2d uqs+.c3xrs wx81l*wc4y,n ication distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of 1u32 txv/m.h*guhihaq/)+ af uslz 0 vproper time, measured in a reference fram3 .0h1auqul fh u+gvs/m*hv /2)tizxae where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the follow*h b5kr t/272 psockdking reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the rea*qy3ig+q s+tlxl odbep) j/+ x i/2do)ction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of thex,oe ;*1s p*q)iwezwo speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?