Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce kxft4jm-5t9 uvvrs5s*no , c(a c*(v tj5v 94fu ot5sn,m-kxs r$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thatis0sdc-, .0u 8r8lkm8 0 akv +zyvwuaw its kinetic energy is much greater than it008va 0v lmk dwss-.8k+a ry,cui8u zws rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the consz gw+xk1r28z mtituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in 8 m1rw2zk xzg+contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interskxt ( 9i-x0p2yqu0 egaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among th mh+vtbpl0. s yi3*u)fe decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs v yv hu)*fls.b+0imt p3ia the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via 1hi jiuk;vg9 .the weak interaction even though the neutron andui.9ki; hg1j v one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interk0yata ub (cir24s2;q +mt j13wn z8elactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) doesa wjmsubzy48t3n 2r;ktlq+ c02(a i1e an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are j, cs. (b/5d3tj6 eyy0fvi wopconserved in each of the decays in Table 32(iyfc0 j tpw3ebdjs./o vy56 ,-2.

Which of the particle decays in jd/qcwnp-3( e Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacti(cw-jpq3d n/e on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the wemsd/zn. qfo1 rd.q; 6aak interaction?

By what interaction, and whysby2pd 1kovfhnej9: u9 5vu. 8, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decayuponypd v; kz-0c97v5 s in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interacnv-k057zdv pp c9y;o ution?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur bo,n;x4)gr.hp)ohie*i niv : p y the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was mau6 i8al7 ya-x)r/tdwh19i(w g lm uqt,ssless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. g 67uai1 rdmw t/u x9 t-i(lh),q8wylaCould you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both so;q gu7xl,9r
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it beh0y438z ekn hfyi. 3qf possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no ant3 h8yn h4q03zkif. yefiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they ,o*eb-kflcx1 are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?okf-l,c1e bx*

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy a)qhj z/go55 nof a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV ejo6kc +- n/ipclectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic fiesfgqw+whff5c+ y q;3 9ld is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolutni4 +t2oxm(v1tqmk m2ion for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? oki2mt+mxmtq4(nv 12 T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerr66(invt* ivufcd g2i,da/- qated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pick-zy i,*x;tokjr wkbd+uqt*( jrf1k 53ing out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with tkfzd3 1j+j-y;tqor *r,u* iwk(kb5x the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 . atk uf)4xtrjirlx4y /ia;9.kV. How many revolutions do protons make toalaxji9)i.44ky ux.tftrr;/ reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength t71,bg3g71n hen ecoqlds-cxg5:q5wed yn ,2($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a rast6ih8q +b/y125o lcp.dp vhf2yej2 zdius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for thtxwkgl)z1ny4+ ow;y1lwx2h(e Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requir;ng(wxt2zk4h+ xly1ly o )1ww ed? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatrnbzs*-l8g9st ;y*jq won takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the prot*ywzlsq- n ;t* 9bjg8sons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy ofrerb d . :/ov0ycpi3f5 a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radiu :vjn)2tn6y gwraet* 07h yt1sl:. 7sgkv3pgjs Fermilab synchrotroh*lpv v:rn7jkg 0tg:.sw2jea7gty)61s 3 tynn for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the wbqin ycviq07-s hzs1+ e2 :+ tfbuc26decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is r l10 c xk ujj;,f812w(clmmxnieleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pairdo) )4 jnn1 dxuwqpq6o;5 cy:n?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediwei7dq5g y +0rating particle were the kaon inidw7r y0+ 5egqstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each oesy c8;w mjjcf/g,ab .3/d3wzther with equal speeds. What minimum kineticcfa// y,;mgjzsc 3.d 83wjbwe energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy.cwunw67 z 3bhtkv7 bdoi* 29y must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at th*d67twbznukybcv i7h2w 9 3o.e same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the we+1st hi alg21hiq)-ghak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as ah 1gshq+t1hli 2 i-ag)bout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a pll/ .jjbek hd+-7ym waq-2jb7roton and antiprotoh7 ym2 bead- jbj/wjql-.7+lkn at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolate3j9o e3 z qf4po4bf rfn w4c0s.u)w4tnd electron to radez9jf.0q4t)4u 43snncpww f3 bor4 foiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an elect3lwz-b/xjq, bez,c-1cnn*t.gqf t(w ron and a positron, each with 42wb3b -zx,jt-*, gc 1(cqelwf /n.zntq0 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decavn b ihd3.uj12,thv .oys are possible? For those forbidden, expl, jh od2vuv h.i1b.3tnain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products i+o:ze6 ,exzn ln-/h gmn the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic ener2wsfo4 /ts;y7u2vlpl gy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width a/ . e en6v3qt,tfo0pjpnd then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the yh ox5 fm )if6trw;d6,as t)qli.8ck0$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of ,. + yna(he4)e(- i o-upiucnkju:awothe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) *rer9 i854o-o fvbmsyof
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that a n( e7jw7w7sknre forbidden, explain which laws are vwe7sjw 7nkn7( iolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that canfy5kju2 .w.he form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, w.yje2 huf 5.k(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a) ./zlpmy5b4yyvbe0 d :l3b0 ln 1zzc-s$uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needefb s9p .(rpw/;p wagsyu+j(n7 d to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynma08/6eoa iieocnjys +0n diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction+o ij/0i 0ya nescoe86 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactioqagyfk8c 8 +w0n $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 -(uj i pzhydqsz,/ :a/GeV? What is its waiqap//zyh(ds - j:,u zvelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Ferbkqpya3 ;:v 1svd3/ki milab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated bq v3sk;/i 3y pvadkb:1y 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releasev) mdy1*vv, n+: dj yxn0wij;dd when an electron and a positron annihilate each othe0v*wddd ) yxinn yvj:vj;,1m+ r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, ;1j7wsdhp63ubug z w;and by what interaction could they occur? For thos1 pu36w;;jswh bd 7gzue forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactiqc/dh3hj scz zn:z yha99co e99,a91:o*egc mon could they occur? For those forbidden, explain heszn c1/, qgc:h99 3aoh *9a9j oezmdc9czy :why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for as*gkb .+-o sfy $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e5xm ;f 8kn8tifna7 2gslectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of t amtow/y,/tc5 he reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. t/ /c tm,yaow5 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacti3 p1v .xvt0xyton $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions arr6rd l jf1)y5m3ai- nie there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each od)rh.d8 yinm .+jj, k3pnh6xether at rest and produce two pions, 8j hh6 ndr+.kym,j3e) pxdn .i$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unspl b8cl2 x8k.ification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in teqek5ud q9a :gjkyv9bwb2t d*q7o; .8orms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on averago:*2y;o8b.dgkd a k9ub5tq7j q9vqwee, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactiovxxqj:i9rv3x 3n,.7 vhas.dt ns.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descrk(z79up 9 z 0b6x..t+aauqqd(zyaq udibe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the aoa.+,snr7ogei.- kj j *iak 5speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?