Give a reaction between two nucle6p3hoids3a h(qxg, +nons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a a qxhgs d6+(,ih33onp$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, e2u+n.lpivsf83 fs4a:f5b lc so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rs.l8f f 3fulvp:s2a+ei 5c4n best energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the ant5x f) 1gsosdi+iparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of?d+)fsgx51 iso What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagaek5xuiv*1 /yho)t9bnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amon8q)6 6iyn+- jympfhs gg the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak intej+s6mfy h8i q)ngy-6p raction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though thevpxpr+;oj 4e:1g(puru 0th 5 c neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacp 4 ;+cohx1grp0eur:u5t (vjpting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak,j*0 d+iysuqg- / hx2dl gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proto h0sdquj/g*d +2ylx-in?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of waxo)e 71zt4zau;*jo the decays in Table 32-t1ea *joz 4 ;z7aw)oux2.

Which of the particle decays in Tabl vosgv qv ,zjrg*+dp8 q9*mh/;e 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactvqor g,pq98 z *vd /vhjm+s;g*ion?

Which of the particlel abf3m3e)a3a decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and k8)0h+y ax9mgpkb( yh why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32dmkw 9:vuz mg- .ysn+/-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactiong v+:ns m.zwduy9km /-?

Which of the particle decays in T7xif2zpg(m zadpnts*e4npk k5-*+7mable 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was ma(c rax*s1vn(sq6m bd 2ssless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Coul(( 2snvr1bsd 6 qm*xacd you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle t8ncjq2 kt,:a1dyp 2 fas,b vn+o be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be p752f4n 1tzybcg im 9j-s two7uossible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? suzg1o n 5fi m7tw9t42-cby7jWhat about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when t-o4q64pv p9j2aya nj aun 1-zdt: xgb,hey are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?u-vzj1ann:gaopp4t 9d2b 4y,-a 6qjx

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total ene) :7o,ipj 9r*kmyl ilurgy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelen; lgqay m(-*0og0lt25vha0hkld tp /y gth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magn*0 aj utt-v7ckz -,mr0sldl +setic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton77a-mq; dgufl in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T f7 -g;u qmd7la=     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron opbol*kz2m ) kqpd; e1(f Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV vf(w q7gnfo 06;ayy )rr j)u3malpha particles or 30-MeVru 3))r;(v70gyo fnyqaf 6mjw protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron o kt1jf2zx-2i1( mcok is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetif2 io2o1-kz mjc(xkt1c energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthsaf5 1gi8 u :.ah0t-d3lu mgco ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius o-nywo2ul2e ,+qjut. 3cj* nfwf 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hr3yk0 y9rx(5x :lzm lqadron Collider (LHC) callqlry z:lyr09m5 3xkx( s for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron take4jk. qnci,7,md7 lb3 fe flnhxalr 4)(s about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. fxl c) iakn.3qbl7,j4 f(l4hdrnm,7eThe acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a paikb 24;ln)0 pnmv;v hzrticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is ne vd s).4t secaxgxu(13nuo j9/eded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-Teg/uc14u) v(j3xnaoes.t s dx9V protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decam36 rd:9p.y v.asb* gaahu7rc y $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is remxue :mh5 lz x/s -l.1c:rz.mtleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineut by5mx0p,e o 3hc,ptw0ron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaonk-1 yr o76 kjg8ozs1gq insteag8koq goz j-1s76rky1d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toie0c3kc io;gn/y o* p5osr s0(ward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic ccy(0i30eriko p;gn5os / *soenergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they ardcie7 h+av8y /e traveling at the same speed toward each iavyc 8e7d+h/other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of v**fl3u:cvfb the W and Z particles as about 80 to fv*v3: c* ufbl$90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelenf2wa+9wlg w8mov u3 c*gths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? u fo+m wv*a92cg8l 3ww$2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that i ru v+z, t,/vtxz7f*lrt is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you d ,u+, vrz7 xtvlrzft*/efend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two p*rc:x*hfjqfu 8cg*n: h nd04x hotons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420udf:*4jxcrc q *0h:8*fxnngh keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactionpneq2b :aga1) aa*nwk :v+y(fs and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violaw a(np*b: kgev q:ynfa +21a)ated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two producr0whod) d 31zhts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the de 4hq6hvbi rk am3hn /3-g,,pwscay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width andu-i: zp4 pl4/,geo vi1cyc-of then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of tio5 vw55jbnbnw jt 02s. w34r 80iqooihe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th0s -1b xfquubdqm)6yarczdt6ctr sx5(4v)*0 e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncerta )ac3n+ qpt,tr,xer;zew4 /y y-vf6w ainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explw: ii93mf/iqwzvb- -zain which laws are viob9- qm :wii i3z/-wfzvlated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutrozlq+kyl 2f-:t n, (b) an antineutron, (c) fqz 2t-k+lly:a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the fol4jx 4f5zo3kallowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produc 2/2wbha9huqme a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig /yb6)9cbwhjn . Below) for the reactionhbj wy)69/b nc $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the r;u wpzp. ,-rd, b qa*qh xlos)0vjx6e1eaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is iyxgdw fa 90s2jrfu(q6 x)ja+ fk9 a7m5ts wavelx09xa g( 6 f7as+uq2wfk9y mrf5daj)j ength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron t t,*2udjlrd2oqey *5 with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each rev* y5 u dr*tdo,2ejtlq2olution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when a 3hx64 ngfgwmhs-q ;;ln electron and a positron annihilate each oth f-smlg xhh;g36 n;w4qer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactio +f1) tnm0rbp5mps1 kyby f)qw w6r,l0n could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why.yp),10tw)p51 fys+fbbqrnkr 0 l 6mmw
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are68 +ytye)hwba s*sbx* possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explhyts*y+sba6 8 bw*xe )ain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a6 nbfn6n rl1a( $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at about c 6f pol jgcwgxl/2qf ;*2p7j-j hb;a9u*9itv$10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each ofa.ov/e ) rslmx+cz 4b) the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. 4lxom./rvas) ze+b) c $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reaction )vz 1/tksts,nzhorj) 9m/ 2+nshmz c( $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watea u3l2,sjc) rn3ec1lwr molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two*)h) gp toj x-3cux:tm pions, cmt)pxh3j * )t-xug:o$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifickxi u 0w(l+ypw-bijnwal0 9*6ation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of properpep8z ;s*m .zf time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, o*ep zzpm. s8f;n average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following re n*fs. tkt m/ey,xyb,)0d 1bv zz.b.lvactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describ+brq*j )w+n vj,vnf6 xe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of thejk)q;:d c3x q klhf(f+35oq kw speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?