Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that cdoe;pr w1+a 7could produce a ;rc w e+1ad7op$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed,(xwsr/ajb. amvcb: . 3 so that its kinetic energy is much greate m c.ajb. sbr3:(vax/wr than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made upzmg2s)kc(:)mq2v k j y of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact g) vmm: zysjk)qk2c(2with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactionvo6p:o2 3wqz2tog ;5 4xa cxgj?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a par/- a9nh4 jy*i z 1k,kflx8dyhtticle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Ey,*yai/z ht-h kj8xl9 kd 14fnxplain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even 3 mv/v:.;8ng hqymrjnthough the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) armgqy3hnv/v. j n m;8:re strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, grav+jc;m.w qc ,:mudg 1onitational) does an electron take part in? ;+q:g cojw1um,cdm.n A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number arfxuf*3*)e7v fb3qp dze conserved in each of the decays in Table uf ef)3x7vz3*fb qd p*32-2.

Which of the particle decays in T3djd jp h68 9hla(tnbr5 ;ig;bable 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactionbj5r3ph ab98iltd 6 nj; gdh(;?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 e9 6ftqg +rh5/o:2dk4wu n4ltncy- wtoccur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doesuxfn+9i uq-3,ndd. la $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table3+lyeibb63eg5 6ouu+bb) ggp 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interac ie6)3be ylgpgbb+uu+bg o53 6tion?

Which of the particleyrqk11*sys 0v decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind inlu bzqe1co9 e5,p+03wxk5g fa 4p +pof "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. qz,p 50enx4ki5owf9 gpap3u +lb1+ecCould you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particlvg4ekdsl ( )um ) .qefjao/l0-e to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find partsv.f a+o7;m1qr frg1 nicles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks andrq .f;a om+gvs rf1n71 two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nucn-g-z p-vhq t6x3 uj(tleusz( u-vn6 pthxt3qj-g-?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic mpav: s4,*bzienergy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength o3+ u pwxcud(*m;uzu3df 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic f/ia* a0hl .vmkk)qgah2+ rm2q ield is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enejg4j n6 mzb; cp5t/wt1rgy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator?t5mbt zn/cp4 gwj6; 1j T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example hbsa .ha0fxy*d 1; c2w/3ovye32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pickin-0 +s bwf-*o w2gq6gaanpzyk2 g out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleuy bwgwsa22kf0 a*q-gzp-+6 nos.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the deescp81n*eho 73l z+sz,g oi,gxp of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to1gpl oz g8cpzhi s,nx3o7+ *,e reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength 1 d22i,3ex jldswd s*y($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radiusf860 7dt,aby )gnlb mv of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the L9nn bzm(s yo .l*1l1wwarge Hads9obll 1w(.wmy zn1n* ron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatrm y-2q (az*d ovz j4j,)qqc;ggon takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energyczygqq 2v q*,j-gd)az m;oj4( given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charge qra 2yj,is);cxi:0 nz$e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km- lqx 9;v*yvil+radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV p;+qylvv*l xi9rotons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in thexm 3cgl+ouj9-bcv ,( p decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is release:yek +ac1mlkpj , 64ood when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron5junkxm sm.c+* 8b5y b pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating pucsqu9 (5qs: 8ic,ltz67 c/no,p/oq5rvva fv article were the kaon insteadci/:9vas5 urvzv f5p 8,c7n t(oc s/6l,qu oqq of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other witk6.n;ctm +r6v)wdpvck ter 15 h equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must eachrkcmnc 6ptevrv+t) . ; 1k6d5w have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each hav h0( ;fwl6qkag5: isrde if they are traveling at the same speed toward eachil:a50d6 fs(ghwrk; q other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak f;tg;j mcia5 c2lwvgl(5v.yl 3 orce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 t(52vj3lamivwc;gll5 g.t y c;o $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twok c1kflqw f9d;mo+g+ 1 photons produced when a proton and antiproton at re1qw ;+d1l 9fckk g+mofst annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossiblyz + i9;o(gp 4:gjqozyi bo4r2e for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchaozy4ooj:y(i9zp+gbq;i r 24 g nge diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron arofm s5tn276h l3ru)and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, an t)sn632h arrmolu57fnihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following req +:bo ;t9pqc( urz.zqactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. q q:qb(c t;urz p+.9oz
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic efepo2- 0+ox lwnergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in bjyz +yr*l 5j(txxw9(r 3yj*g the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width an+ 5iv87mu xhagd then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o (w2 yiruefh-bcqsl(:m7a/1rqy y v9: f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th k(gjyvzhhjh+j796nqiv39 h;w/sxt )e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (oz/k(4j(y) a7t sayiny*ryid0r uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbiddesn --l:nqjk8nn2n1 zp n, explain wh:2kp1z-l jnnnnq s n8-ich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a)oy;zd0nl 3t-n-x db0i yo)le6 a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) ano6-id 0n-dbyl3z; lyto 0ex ) $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combi 67hizwew1c4* 6 tjtdihh-*ghnations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinazl kccgsz9(0 o3x: t;ption needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynmfhq1c0 oi k .1u/4ltegan diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction1eqf/ig k.t4u h0o cl1 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for th;g yd0q o;qomv- opc:k r9v8(je reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Wl0qtyk)) iwk1- mzzj9hat is itsk wzztm 9 )-yjlq1i0k) wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron b9b2i t *gpt-9ufd(b pwith an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by9bf9 dpbtu*pbi-(gt2 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a s9nqznb,) x6epositron annihilate each othn6 9 znexbq,)ser? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, axv))0vrcb9 9ete48 b igj:in ind by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain w9 vie t)xjie):b gbrc94nvi80hy.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactionszuv:kzd b.) o- are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For thovdz.-o)b : kzuse forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a j0rp+4 t))wjsqz v 0pn9pw;eg $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e yalky 3dhbt n*5u49zc/ql2r2lectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. fhjy k.phx6 cj:7zd 9(32-4, for producing a pion. k.j6fx jhpc:yh (d7z 9 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactiqx( m5z/b41(f-zan0xzb icxg on $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watz pnremor84;xed2 .w x a1l-t5er molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilt0 hr/a;k8dvb;;1 zbc2 at lq*bcrt2 3dhh9qiate each other at rest and produce two pions, r3ibdat/2t;th v9 b1*b02hkzqc8l;rcaq;d h$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dist 4d80kbu6a9:b,lki/viqldc ; 8kwjzsance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of propop7ywtnr4l(t-a : 9.zqe nd0 ler time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its trz 4.awnp y9:t7dnoe(l lqr0t -ack be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reacti6xcr-7iucgk)w e/e 5c wka*:wons.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model t0(uxr2 ;6apszv 8cuerm6 loo+o describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of liqbn7ac,d;,8+k0+ytsxuh j rught $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?