Which of these substances should not pass through the glomerulus a4 ldkzv *w q3hc+lx4jqz,5d 5end into Bowman’vqzlcwj4 h5qked ,53*4 zxl+ds capsule?

  Which substance is not reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tfqz89hwd;j7(lgal (z) 8c r(zt 1cu2z)vfhpqubule?

  Which fluid acts as a coolant zxd+ *biuya:s7ob vc2 yq-/;q in the human body?

  Which label correspondy9anw/tiu 0 o3lzg0z7s to the medulla of the kidney?

  Identify the line in the table below which gives the correct respo,uw p6 :ro8fs(dme;unnses of the skin to a drop in environmental tems;,8u 6md:(urp nf weoperature.

  Which row is correct f*n+qr-x+v q nlor insulin?

  Which row is correct for glucag o-z*,3dj 2qjr s7a.ef+i2rkou+vefzon?

  Which row shows a correct difference in the blood concentration of various s hi ,4z(pqlf1b e+5stjab3)neubstances between the ree4 pe,ahb jibnlqtz+)f35s (1 nal artery and renal vein?

  Which statements are true of feedback mech x)2/szjq s4tsanisms in an organism?
I. Negative feedback acts to reverse a change
II. An example of positive feedback is control of blood pH
III. Only the nervous system is involved in the control of feedback mechanisms

  Which of the following best explains why insuw6wivz3:p.0, edujm 5x zym /ilin injections are necessary for individuals with tzp3 uv:mw 0 ze6ii5m y,.xwdj/ype 1 diabetes?

  This diagram shows the basiw 1tdqej 0g:,yc structure of a nephron.


How does the nephron differ between animals that have evolved in areas with low availability of water, for example, in the desert?

  Which of the following is only able to trigger a response in a cf8vtxes3ky 8e7eu(f 0ell by binding to a recefxtv7es(fe u y83 0k8eptor in the plasma membrane?

  Identify the row in the table below whichyg1 /hjh8t; qnt5-2ww m*j vjz shows the correct information about insuliwg jv8- n*;/h jy5q jhm2zt1wtn.

Outline how insulin and glucagon control blood sugaf ra13+qhjl4jr.

  At which position in the nephron would you expect the solute concentrc9t2cy0 kp9qn(x5o c dation of the filtrate to be between 200% and 300% that of the normal blood solute concentration and fopy o9kc (tc 05xq9d2ncr water, but not sodium, to be drawn out of the filtrate into the medulla?

  Which row correctly describes the effect o i9q*hed.byp.2b 9 oabf a decrease in the water concentration ofi*2y eob9. hp.a9b bqd the blood?

  Which statement(s) is/are true fo6) zc5zdm:mjer antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

I. ADH affects the permeability of the loop of Henle
II. ADH production increases with low water intake
III. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct

  The graph shows the changes in blood pH levels of an individual beforh 1wvg9tw b,a2e exercise, during exercise and a2h gb9wt1a,v wfter exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

1.Outline how the glomerulus and dvyur+ -q;+n at v2v6iBowman’s capsule are adapted for their function 2tidvvq +au+6;v-ry n.

2.Explain the differences between the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.

3.Describe the processes in the nephron that leads to the production of urine.

  Creatine is a naturally occurring chemical produced in the body which su 65-af0 jfhph var zm8dp9p2e4pplies energy to muscles. It’s also a supplement used widely in2z56v djaep 04hrmph9 fa8f p- the fitness industry to reduce recovery times and improve athletic performance.
Creatine is broken down into creatinine which is toxic in high concentrations. A study was conducted on the effect of creatine supplementation on the creatinine concentration in the urine. Urine samples were collected from humans, and the creatinine concentration was measured.

The results from the study were used to make up corresponding creatine solutions to mimic the urine samples. These creatine solutions were then given to students to analyse. The specific gravity of each sample was measured using a hydrometer, a small graduated float used to compare the density of a liquid between two samples.

1.1.Describe the source of urea in urine.

1.2.Other than protein, state the name of one substance that can be detected in urinary tests.

1.3.High creatinine concentrations in the blood can lead to kidney failure. List two possible treatments for kidney failure.

2.Suggest a variable that would need to be controlled during the student’s experiment.

3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using model urine samples instead of human urine.

4.Calculate, as a percentage, how much greater the urine sample specific gravity with 10g of supplemental creatine intake was compared to that with 5g of supplemental intake.The percentage is   %

5.Describe TWO reasons why mice were used in this experiment and not humans.

The diagram below is a simple outline of .; c 1i ;8peui7jquxjithe nephron.


1.Name the structures labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram.

2.State the functions of structures I and II from part (a).

3.Insects do not have kidneys or nephrons; they have the Malpighian tubule system instead. Compare and contrast the Malpighian tubule system with the nephron.

1.Outline William Harvey’s reseaq7 cv3z6lmj1y y7-mx ec*.mwrrch on sexual reproduction.

2.Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes.

3.Explain the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

  Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection caused by the bacterggnhw p(l)t;v 8u2zd,ium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it infects about 10 million people each year. The )dtz2(g,vl;gpwnu h8 research was carried out in Peru to see if diabetes increases TB infection. 112 TB patients were investigated, 17 of which had diabetes and 33 had pre-diabetes can affect the incidence of TB. During the research, smear microscopy tests were carried out to investigate the bacterial load of each patient, and the results of these are shown below. The smear results are rated negative (no bacteria detected), scanty/1+ (very low bacterial load), 2+ (medium bacterial load), and 3+ (high bacterial load).



1.Calculate the difference in percentage between the incidence of 3+ smears in patients who only have TB and in patients that are diabetic.
The percentage is   %
2.Describe the pattern shown in this graph.

3.Deduce from these results whether there is a link between diabetes and TB infections, and discuss the evidence supporting your conclusion.

Smoking can also cause an increase in TB. Research into the combined effect of smoking and diabetes was carried out in Taiwan. Groups of patients were split into diabetic smokers, diabetic non-smokers, non-diabetic smokers and non-diabetic non-smokers in 3 regions of Taiwan. The results of 972 TB patients are shown below, 581 with diabetes and 628 without diabetes. 649 of them were non-smokers and 323 were smokers. Clinical records were used to record the gender, age and result of the pre-treatment smear (negative, scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+). The results are shown below.


4.Compare and contrast the results from the first research with the data for the non-smoking groups in the graph provided above.

5.Suggest the importance of knowing the mean precent (%) of the population that has diabetes and mean % of the population that are smokers in Taiwan, when investigating if diabetes and smoking increase the risk of TB infection.

6.Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the two graphs and table to support the hypothesis that diabetics who smoke have an increased risk of TB infection.

7.From 2000 to 2008, there has been an overall increase in the cases of type II diabetes in Taiwan.

7.1.Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.

7.2.State one factor that may cause this increase in the incidence of type II diabetes.

  The graph shows the mean blood glucose levels in a study of wz;uyh. 53 qg2 da;;e1ksmlwgtta 11z1h6xrd 300 people, 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal. Of the 300 people studied, 100 people were non-diabetic, 100 people had untreated Type 1 diabetes and 100 people had untreatedx wqt2h3w; azseha 6 d.1;1gmk;glt5 udyz1r1 Type 2 diabetes.

1.Compare and contrast the blood glucose levels of people without diabetes and those with diabetes.

2.Suggest one variable, other than those already mentioned in the question, that needs to be controlled to make this study valid.

3.Predict how the mean blood glucose concentration after 3 hours would change if the Type 1 diabetics were injected with insulin 15 minutes after eating.

4.1.Explain the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels.

4.2.State the name of the cells that make and secrete insulin.

5.Calculate the percentage change between the blood glucose concentration of people with Type 2 diabetes 10 minutes after eating a meal and 3 hours after eating a meal.the percentage is   %.

6.Explain why Type 2 diabetics have a lower blood glucose concentration 3 hours after eating a meal, compared to Type 1 diabetics.