Give a reaction between two nucleons, similkd65gc wntt 5;*4d dpfl ))aprar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 5 tr gf))*;4cwl65 pnddadt kp$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, 9x lw/ x ,h7:fudkx x00rrbwb0y4(asgso that its kinetic energy is much greater than its res wy dw470lk/gxs0(r, :ba9xxfb0ruh xt energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to thrxm 2:d(ud:cyyp,wp)e constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if wc :yr,p(:pmx u2dy)dantimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromaaa) v,+h*) c9fdgldvfu0smyeni/u7 )1 vz6lhgnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay prodo /6u4qtc:zwc,nwu, nwd:gb 5 c +bl4mucts of a particle necessarily mean that the decabw,cdg6+ 5,: u:ow /lw uc b4cmnqznt4y occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutrov-3 ,jaur gyixna va 2l.i x4v5u .;,3doicio;n and one of its decay i2iic3 v.a nja4do5 ;xyu.3 l u;,r-gi,xoavvproducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, wea2/v r4c.ioud 5blarv ;k, gravitational) does an electron;r.2v4blad/rv5 iu oc take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved i3kjb-wfez 97pn each of the decays in Table 32-9pz-w73ebj k f2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic int-b,y+;kg3jkmsw4z:toucw w 8 y94sc beract-y3 z,wmtb4 kjs+ c 9gwk: b4cyswou8;ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-27nt)5uwy d/jh occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, an:a lv0o7pc v+dd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Tablexpfebyzq 5q5g8(f) +b 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactionq ez+ bg)yf fp(558qxb?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32u1d*z9jt zo x2-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had nk ci(;d,hsb 98ep;e t9f/( 8lwaotq evo color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exis,o9qai p(( h ;tvl/eds eewc8fkt9 b8;ts?

  Is it possible for a particl1s(ndzs 9v5lv;jism 9e to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be posq9 -u51),fjzvt cphrjsible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarjp-9r h5t,qfzc)j1u vks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when te.)q *( tbhuqrhey are inside the nucleut.(be)q* r uqhs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total ener9gjs)whllx.f gg8)59vz t7tf 7q .qlpgy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of h8 s,h8jn m4:wm p zgkc780k/lqgc ,gx35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which proton+z/gv. n(r. u crqsw)gs make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for onea+;+1 w jexh7d1uztru -dmh b86 dfn2s complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilh d j1mea 1627b+;udtfs 8 hxdz+wnu-rab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceler/fe4uso7ijm ro,y (8xated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucllz4j5e s,e: pjeus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in asjjl,pe:e45z nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron il. oen *kbz0 z)xty9;gs 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 2)*otl zx;.9ny zgk0be5 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength r t h,v;rm9zm3($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1zkf, jb6yq4)s:zbymv9f-2bqy x9vc:.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets fojw7vt m+hq*;oww/t(e- 0 ukpq r the Large Hadrv;7 qpqu*tk/ejwot -w(m0+hw on Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 2g3gn 238q0vgys;1n vgdaye)juz w*x50 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons fromw 3 g yq3jyv5nn1v)g*udxgz2;se0ga8 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (c.e;t j3rg bksc0e pm*-harge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity jo9/ iy*bh9aujas4q 2 is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? io*jba 99jyqh/2s au4B =    T

  How much energy is released in thejbw )tr r;b/bq;clb;+ decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releassi8 6dg oao.1ikt )5fned when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is reg )uay/y1, ( nk*nrkfgquired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were thg5u7ukczbh0y2)l 3h we kaon instead2lg b5 yu3k7)ch0z wuh of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward d e6x-nuy qxs0v9t0qo8p7ee 0 each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each eq 6exu8ept9sq yn-x00vd o07 have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons lpo8q*idkea0 vwz 6c5i29 7pzeach have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each othc2ppeoi06l5z 9i 7v*dk8qa zwer, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq.4 oc2mpd9 i0mi1xc-xu 32-3, given the masses of the W aumo9i4- c d10xxi2cpm nd Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton andc7bq fbv0q7m8 antiproton at rest b 8f0 qbc77mqvannihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentun x kz9mad6;6d:9 wjanm and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. :n99a dja 6kxn6wdmz ;(b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron a,8z5hc 5 -o)zepylt: g(g,f ic:mxdzind a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic en( -c, )mihxzzgto zp fdec:,liy5:8g5 ergy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and dej .qls9+unxd- *)hxamive+ .ecays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. ae.le)uvh*-+ x9 +sd m.xq nji
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in thegvpn pk -kakxtp40-(- decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of thfslbw(u0q- r5 e electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to esti0p)5j /vzmdyb bfxs.5mate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width or0hz5i ( w0je8+ silvrf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofqzq xq2lvw .mkk11pf ra m*,21 the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of k6prj, h7;b g/akjw: i
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden/ld qgw1 y2nkq 0-wl yec-n4u+, explain which laws are violatedq 1ceygn-q4dnul w +k /w0y2-l.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinationsoby oyy;d;b+r4(b yb0 that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,0 (y+od4royb;b b;y by (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark coou u 6kym ng15qa *o*f4com(x-mbinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinatiob.icqv/br /m;rl lks-zy; d42n needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks tht) ,kxsz je iy5n6e,4 ut0g/(as in Fig. Below) for the reaction t/u5k x,jt enzy4t6)eih s,g0$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the rea . q*ztl.8 csax3sg(p .h4yrzsction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energyq.x+j ro3 b sl-ab5beyq /d*(v of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its waver 5obq asejl-vdxbq *y3+.(b /length?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.bvz s0b7;yo dq4m:)c1r)u fficr : c,x0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far )ycfb; xfqviburs7 oczmrc4),1: 0: ddo they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an *hrp5jokh7e -clxi:k 1 u2cdxeauqj*j 5 6n7 *electron and a positron annihilate each ot h 1nxuh2j*p*ccx*i qo 5767dekukj a-lj5e:r her? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter tpat1i.bmt*1n d2 l(baction could they occur? For those forbidden,1b*b1tp ia2d tmn. tl( explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, andtz4*q e-er )y i o/*nzi+,zsbc by what interaction could they occur? For those forbiddenc zzsn4qi /btzo*r ei+,e*-y ), explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aimbl he8(:k elyy3. *(hvqvu0 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowey:0ikv z ieq4zny*;jyu2afh 2*w2m h-ak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for p yz7lt5 t6cfa5roducing a pion. c76tf tazy55l $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacti)v:utbp 8f)v:m2qzt pon $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water mole0qukq p-/ mvpwb ,z)4gqt +dg3cule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rer 8tc0jz 0i;uhst and produce two pions, ;izrh0 tcu80j$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification di(fxxbzi,5h4, h y6oibnje (h,stance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper tim4 +r 1 oaxvqcb.e5oq5re, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic ecxv .1o 4b+r5aqroq5energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in thet( qfd m0aynp1l58v s. following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reasd2tulzm36c w c 9zc8q i/*to.ction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of l f(z6pm rz;yhc)x7 q/dight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?