Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a lily yy l8+pjf3 hobfj(79lb15 zgand?

  Which of the followidlimcui+))g n*zwo,- ng can behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown beloj0*a2xtz g zu.t19gzdw:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of trank;r sh n:,nj;nh5l0ansition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table1 7 1xin.mkokk8ep:(oeq( gjm, as shown below: ikoe7m(okg.ne1(p :j8xk 1qm

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions when di0m9c2iff7 qo5e inem+ssolved in wate ci7+iem2f fq0n9o5mer?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equatx/2aiq j*o/t :qh:5dku;gb ekion represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NO.on(ddeyt/hzv e7uvf.1+t 1)ph3om x T a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolv9erb ;ju6:toq r+jggbl d;7z ;q e6,dwed __________.

  Which element would hava a:vnzjr//j v6v *iu+e the least attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a car v/ij+n6j:vz u/av *ovalent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true o,lm4h (au zaw::v byi7f metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the firsh)w-8oas t j; cf9b0gbt row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dis;0fn0kono:j e.6 w bdqsolved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play im),o7n k+cbwunportant roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computnn)u,7 +kw obcer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclexgzhu m . 8+z01pk 3ovp0dke;wi than the valence electron p1 vekh dz.pw+8z3k0m;oxu0gs in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ir:b* cex+g r/fonization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/avrzr2v)ym f4d damf 3mzv47f)2 t1m +ere true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors causing6 vnava -n:ybiy71z;r1h de4s this trend are:ihvnvby;1na r ay6zd1e4 -s: 7

  The electron affinity of cv8u8lb x1l n*larbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or col5os sh0vpn0 zoyod 12t/ak1 1vumn Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell re o dh5s1vo nk a/o02v1sy1zt0pmain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can forcx8ky 7+ c7ebqm both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct value 9(uu* xs (:xw.ejoss.ot: vra of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a diff+vzz 9j0l6* t lkhff7cerent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configuratio+ z*hf6kzlf97tjv c 0lns can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula ofjg+5l rdmsr9m+lcm) hu2-x(wl j) 0abscz: ;s the compound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strohv4oe (7 y-*1 8pqmt8cygppul+5 btfzntium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the g/;m4zf .sdis correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodicsy aj+xb -q,b9 (/uzsz table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of m6l1r a+gz 1)cx.xclo2nr9k2n7y kvqan alkali metal. Which of the following is a possible symbol for atom mkl rx9z lor1xg +yvkccn6n2 q71a2).X?'

An atomic nucleus of e ;gcnflpl, / wx)hk)+4d3jn8l0ygh iqlement X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below: 4hnfg+l8q p)3;k,xl/yc hingdw)0jl

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral a22bo ow77osf d5.oe hcjf*q2q h*a5 xatom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two differei h910w/oqf- naxv ziwc:k- 9pnt elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding thedpdib:07 -s cr;g+zue periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sw33zt* ymey 9g,tyo0gulfur and chlo3mwyoezyt3,9 *ggy 0 trine in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the transition metals? 7 aiyh1 hz;bb*
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting p kt 9 fn0(hj4uoi:bbb3h2k9 e91gpt 1o: ktqyroints of elements are correct? 499h:oheu 9:p0t2ktnyqk(3bbfjo1 i1 k bg t r
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesig*+yb5uv5m w2 pqfdcse t8.+ fum, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth f w dmfpg 2bq.ysv5+c85+*t eucolumns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to produce bvq.pwr;a4 /gci )( mkmoth $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammony alecuo4d1f+fv:c ;537aat3v 4 tvboia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of u3mhz(u5+1n 0 syq0+ka vb foe bulw20the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regardin ol,r.l as-.0n wxvlc5g the periodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largest radiu:qbdq avfb+ze5jt9f1ffz /: 3w v+2b;we0wk m s?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water srj*.5xxz 5t.6lc h f ,x2qtzhaccording to the equations b5 2cx r6zqt5 hxt*h.xlf,z sj.elow.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization enev(qd +4k+1k zavt8qxc2nb4rw k0y+hg rgies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of a+ eyve71d g(bthe following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the b.ck ua83.zfdfollowing compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the table belorb u5:o0zuoe0z,t +2d/0k4qs ldrgpb+d 3ynhw:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for the;hqh(2b8 g ek+jo/0(bwtiwzofdt:w)vx :zm ;se isoelectronic speciez(mv;kewx:;dh /)t0 z8hjf: b+oto2ibg (w w qs?

The bidentate ligand, phenax a0q1n6vqo-z nthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.