Solar radiation is incident on (+9opxh/j9 uhkl-meu a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is the albedo (p-h9mxko hu 9el+/ ujof the planet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three powet4oz,w85o i7 igjf0m)3mleu5t- eawer stations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a r 3(wnsfp r*s(3fq(zrvmvr)h7enewable and non-renewable source of energy? s(fr)nw*fpv zh(q sm3 (3vrr7

  Which of the following pairs consti87lyt o3wyg3jz2em765ud jfqg,p4k qtutes a renewable and non-renewable source of ener5g76myqy 3387lkwz4jpto jgf2ud qe,gy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resoursw-mos- j/c m*ce?

  Which of the followiji) if .vy)1qjng energy resources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to r6tf n7+xdi5bu2lhc 11i hqa-uah( 26lc yn( jmeplace coal power plants with photovoltaic cells t tqhi-(nbl2 (6cfi2 ha +6uamlnu 5cx1dhj 7y1o power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptunehvb5a 5l r9s)p rfz46t's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 times the orbitat5)b9vrl6p hr zs4a5f l radius of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three se46 v9/k ht-nhsum4r-ijd jp 4tatements give possible reasons why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth s4jmep/ hr4kvt6-ih4 u9 n-djis only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations. Examples oeprle sw;-s8 .+dh.kgf electricity generation that both involve energy transfer from thermal to +h-.le8s ;gsdrk. pew electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a part*nlxveew( e ier7*:k 4*z 9w,cde;jqkicular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the solar intensity9eejwiz : * xlvde*k*7eqcek(nrw ;, 4 is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. , uz7sg ( iyit91cnnh;Some of this energy is scattered and the rest reaches the earth's surfaczin y tci917n ;ghu(,se.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Ear82alygdi 1g-k6kq( tc7 oznr (* yspf9th's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with a specific enert.b 5qbqakw6 5gy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo ;vi k0wxn k hr+k+/t.oof a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.