What is the correct definition of a otlda51 ld3 3u)a(ea jgene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within aedskup0vpjj .1* eyd1q4p0 7d.l wrl5 population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and differencea-s1 ok2a oayh s.y+w r2hg8(z between natural selection and selective breey2aky- 8oah.sh +(w2s1z oga rding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston bh7 b6b+/ bbok01ku nbaetularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppereb7+/60hbb1bn baku kod moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used d )f/qafj5fr9ic+ 6z/welqg(to support the theory of evoluew6)fiq/(g/lf az 9f rc +jqd5tion?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? e78rv *omcvds)5 nr q8
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of imgit9w7jll /a*x2n p 3/j21ow(zkun punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the re* lom+-n1: hm vm.fazzlationship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirc+mm-*f von:h1.maz lz hi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the developmej3, wr(qg far* zpebl/ro5 ;v;nt of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) i:ugbi ue,t4)n s often used as an example when discussing indus)bu4uine: t,gtrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidenceo3hm 5gk as9 wrke-y6. for evolution?

  In a population of finches, y:ri4j dp9)uu. nieq )the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What co9uy4n d) pueq.r )ii:juld have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of ch ltm441i1 be6/rehn ah tc)*bnanges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selectivey 2rsj.q11p3(me43n eqe h8bmm tcgv( breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the ef1rmg l:wk w52 :pbo;yrfect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was corlp:1mwbo yg r25 k;:wnducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a coytolf f )yxd gy7(26*slvhl,uew(*29t 7 oxjadominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who a*yvxd2xyg67 o(79l u,atoyt (h)fjw lf*ls2 ere homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female g1tnt i7/xb3kAfrican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa Natioig7bxn t31kt /nal Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into r(a89up+f s:m9gorwb qocks in the sand bar and dark colouredawqprs( uf98:mb+og 9 oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following +bs2qc *x+dnc*r+a/mve td/ lstatements best describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown belo/+zsg(2jooi c mxfs) ,w, which one is likely to be analogoussg(2mz)sx , +oj ifoc/?

  Which are examples of directional selection? 49ht4r8cnjf z hid x6raq00u /
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example hrv .d5rlpn3cu. .qx* of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often founk19+be,d1 qoeemj(rr d near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a uoe(qkb1d+e m1,r9r je seful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar frop 56xyk;mqip*7 5 lhwtm flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop int o3 a*tytoafmv6*z 6j/ow:h 4lo a population of plants that seo j:wzl3 t6fo/o4ahay* 6*tvm crete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolueb:cy kap;fe/*if u6-t;zq 3jtion of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor ffee *;iz3/tp 6cyq:kjb ;-ua(a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis resul*9p r/s6yu +ydw9n i5ven pzab 2p*6mxt in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a t-z3 p03bubzsxt j*h tk- 8z;vgroup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shxt *-jh;z -ktt0vs 3bb8z3uzpown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is 2:-nvleeyw4t; hj xa1not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in naturr8ux :(wzf./ wv gl1j)vjtv0ral selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Which of t-ugvll3*cp 2 9n+qvo hhe following best describes the term evo3n92 lugvc+pv lh*oq -lutionary fitness?