What is the best defini0l 7akno:eu .ltion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I4s03s hwf a8b.j i+uwetaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nick-4* t-vmgdbho8e+a ohe.What is Factor 1 ;Factoh ovek -4o8 td*m-gb+ar 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pk. )kqeo 4o7j,bo hj2population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosobpy*u. j1vm+ qma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thyi,;9fuxhxj)yiq, 7x e zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the C ,yjx,x)i79ux hy;q fiongo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms 6pv7 ln op:,/lp (2dqkz nbs6cis a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally i20c7ogoy)e)w d b,x fnn North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approf n2), odxcwoeby7 0g)ximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that n x1xs3jb3 +yox/+cq zbest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants 14,yxxd-g abkand animals.xyg ,d1 4xba-k
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chardg2zav3ll+t.5 z+ t ojoc 0+xins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar be 5 nty6lg.6c )mj*.fci hw5uvfw/l fe9ar and other organisms live and interact with each otherl ff w6ugyw lim5 hc)e.t.6 5fj9n/c*v in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro -ctgyt+)m 5 t:y;rmj.ivwwu2m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are knownfj r((rvzdv7te49 v9 x to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interad(f( 7erj4 trv99v zvxct with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is w5dk i yv .67,ga,4sqy iwaxc:a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymesiw70 x9ybx2r k)csly,teo ;-pa.xx x od :j2v( into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb y7;,jcaxdx lrx2v-() ix2ow90:.tseoyxp k bthe products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cdleap g lw0u7o50 l/:qultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used 1r9c1jja (n fnrwhb:5for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F)f4 adz(mg/ uoactor 1; Factor 2 ana(u z/f go4d)md Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of ph7irgm v93 taaz:8f 3hgotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultin91y+ v c f ejphzd-*v8:8yaswvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesm9 wixhkthok * -pu9bh + d.9qc8i1uy+ that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six m*x k9u cu9whp bt9yk.i18idh+qoh+m -onths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descria.0 jkc b/:u:i6n yuwaption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web 3mrw6h mur17shb2h 69 yzf(zq



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon ;r2*n4tqpn3ju ya:ph 2dhc .dcompounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxid 2hn2*hudqprya.:j3t p ;4nc de, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react* vs yh(/ntwd5ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram jjb)1 nmi +8w5cpp)qjct 8clb2 rqw:3 of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes oui 0 6u1.tkjoywk4w9organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic matew.iu w1y9 k ouo6jtk40rials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nr iav*j*qi; u)umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itpvo-qket + h7/s prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DD.us18 fcj7hzsrh : ;: io abijr54ea./wdamn5T):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaifkuv; j ,8oz.3 muuoy fql v**9n5re+eah8u t7lable seawater-filled glass orb, which included a7m a t+yuv,l kf z;f*oeu h*.r538o8uqnuej9vlgae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran 7l )+:ob*rjpkflmlb3kgi2 0jsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systeme6)d;wrp+w)1 kw l. hp:kfszwi 3 iy:h


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi8(*nz+asg zipo ;n-bd r :sz(g12xyysns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of:alyrn3s)h -r b3 l-sr)r :yahniomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en, avz zu pfs pyzz-0g*4z;5s7aergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosy5s 1c bd+orh :fr1dv1tstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webgy 162idp2z f (i8e)bfsoq:ed


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecymbve (/ndgjycpibn +*;u 4sm+);l/q osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food we 1y-fvge;m 66zt)pu/p-5ous b(yp tqpcq, 9sib.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras -*vx rdsn(s8i05x iheites on a consumer like the lionsh (sd8x-rsnie05 xv*i

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corr jd:mluaa5)yii3,k a)aw j.x/ectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis andmlax . w5yuj)ij/,:k3d) aaia Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the u.d pc 0wg(;/c1h(nemto5yt*to )u zj dse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frox 5 5z02kedqjp8gbfsz1;h+eu7fo 8 glm ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioc:6 cfpnk3: tixide in the air to carbohydratefi:: 6n cpktc3s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other car (4mefwlwx5x 3f dt,9fbon sinks. w5m e,dt f(fxl4xw9f3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requir e,c.s7 1xhmttes the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosy2v.*n ts -p no7izx17avd4uj rstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatv/o5n hbzr -qte +*t6x are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivh o 0j;9f+wa -f0r+xerf p8tb tra*0xuity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl os.ihrl g v*g5;/v:cne



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thri(j ;eyz l(*m;:sk d5lnkqxe 1ough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in rw/) ;y nlsks2v9vi v/an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow if2k4 mz,8dkk*m z m)tzn a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacterl0hzj8o+9xgr:x1 :erz am8t9y ;sb whia.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-i3cfkb ryaio7 4 /*krnbzw 9,v99wejf:nduced effect on the nitrogen cycz4w7yw9fjk i9a*f9rrvoe:bbk3/ , n cle.

  Figure: Average per capi4,ounqqdc 7 5d4bru8 eta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successioqjbjzy rpb/ z;5: mkn 6/0.kfan progresses from a pp/6 rnkj0q.jb/am 5 kbz;: zfyioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin : ccv4zlg710j,cpe agg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per 7trr1 nfc;b1 w ;*2i0xbk jbaocapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottlq1b *1:zhzxyih+- -jrzqu l,res with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the othe b l z1*1rhqryjzuh -+z-i:xq,r in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowsw 2l 84bfk /kj9kek8jff-2wwx .r9n rk in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1.dsnu43qpme3l+d5ob o4glv. 988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomezb 6;jr,5 2vqj;bqmb q

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita /xp oqhji;yyoha(tp-;490kl ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chowa9wqdgqscrd3 k/yuf.3b7.n * 2j9t svw62jy osing one or more statements from the following. 3dqg rdq ws37cf*sw 62bk/j 2avwtyyj.n9.u9
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clima8i 8xqgow 3/.b;lb oivmd vtbg lb t,qjw)-391tic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrel ,/gbov tbq q8w8bi1.wd omt;xvi-g9j3 lb)3strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t8uxz 4)sf lb5qhe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.-hg jzb 2ygwmwg /38v-

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It;5az p .arnz q:5jlm)naly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass ofzs3 .l +iarb2f two herbivores in different biomesalbsz.2 3r+fi


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryhp7tppr j5-y+ succession progresses from t5p7-jp py hr+a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stateme4w0m f)cuhow j5x)p5v nts is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary)v)fjoxu 55cwwm 0hp4 succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that canuwb)2lt 1 84t ae m7a,3hinlql be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invre7e7oh6gw+7rx ei55 4rol rqestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis i4rh7 6 e xore5l7w7rr5g +qeo



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel7 ltyoau3g g)a8mxhhoe7zy(5 ) zyl13rm)9 zvd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.hk e4iik l j/gv*3gs*7 On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A an ski/3*74 jegvkg il*hd were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is import,lvsdss ).bt2 ant to take multiple readings of the sl.sbts,v) sd2ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplina1r5m nm( y8)ox3zdk hg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowku sm:8xy.qa17h 4 arj Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wilw)tu5l ,a: c f1zb,zldlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fol-(hsx. 55,dlnlqy3 cr 5wdeb,*rvybbsb j 1f6 lowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile sx3lfb bdhsj y -ebw l y5v.r n6q(,bdr*1,5c5(moving) specimens.