Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? evv/dj 7bsi2,m7:bn j To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence thatnw zi0n a. zti/-8hd6k ,rrui7 light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes as 8pc+wz hqtfto4q4md/nf1 r-6-x 8+ u s4wzjqcwaves?

We can hear sounds around cornersz egl- : to/2lfumm:s2, but we cannot see around corners; yet both sound and lightg-e: u 22o:ztl/fm sml are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were subm2a(ein gsocf/: /4gk rerged in water, how would the fringe pattern beof: sen4g grk2c/(/ai changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interference zcs6vi u6 0(znpattev0(uiz z 6snc6rn is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source d3dqkr):.kh-f a wl vk5q1 4txcestructively interfere if their path lengths differ by horq 41c:k lwa f5d-)tvqx.k3h kw much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern more6 ;g jocqn* y .k3 jrau0nq:p7/u9tocw convincing evidence for the wave thewkar ou9npo3y:j. gncc*67j 0 t /quq;ory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experimenq3)8zjkuok 1t t for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and differencesq1j)3 tz okuk8.

Why doesn’t the light from the two he-dhqmyf1 x5k/8zplo 3adlights of a distant car produce an interference patty xh 1fm3pd8kz5qo/l- ern?

Suppose white light k yyrc2s)1 ,bz)8pvr pfalls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the otz r1sy28b)kpr, y)vpcher by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes thrr 7y*i/0 fv/;(uwvgf8z neemqough a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors asq//igv wy fz0 m8;*e(fu7rvne it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, dksr s538gtgtlm 3c74yiscuss how the focal length for red light8r3c5sgktg4ys 7 ml3t differs from that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through th +wkg al5gml2r(kpk,) 5ak2:pqra*oq ree different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the material5ma kap5 wq2r*apl )r+(gkk:, ko2lqgs according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light source throug0,dhr frgf 39sh a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the p, hrf 03sgrd9fattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern ol2z kqw3 )u s-kwgbx-8f a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water,glz b83)s-uqw kkx -2w (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single sl. 1agv4; jyijkit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavel g j4;ay1i.jvkength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns for-, ve.xj n3ua)n6hewxw bb7d +med (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many sl,xoi,q.uy e9ui7s4t7oh r 8 ig),n wcsits, (b) closely oyiri. t,is ,4qonuc,77)9u8shxgwespaced slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A l sumjy:s3s:7-azhb0rainbow appears on a wall just below the dhayb sj: zsm37u:ls- 0irection of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, in.plc-/m, tciz cident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacin/lticm pc,-. zg?

Why are interference fring2t97 vz;6kxg1,oy5mxvhmf r4a g sg e7es noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of g1za4r,mv5x; o k fsyhx7g 9mg2t7vge 6lass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the refxiy4rj06pe 9 cken(9mlected light is a full spec9nyjpe0i46 9mk( ecr xtrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer togetherburj:plpu21 2+ 1pa5eu )fvvmh-ii, c farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when sey 08dnvgs 8dd:fg6;d2xo5cf m en by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to tmddc vnf2og 0 d 86;f8:gsxyd5ransmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is mucvdf (atof6(.k8 w con6 +mq/jkh less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you s+fq.t (68(/cnawkodjf 6omk vay about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nat2,ngb 5f4lqqdure of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinuf0 )rnt(.hc fted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pairusia/f1va/ s2 of sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angl vkxcn/2sq9v ,: mp*coe of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmospb)ij.*a ml)gx z 6uiq-here?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50q xszv -q( v3v2gkr1u2 times denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would it be some other colovx-2k 2zq(usv 13 grqvr?

  Monochromatic light falling on two sli6on8m.u j.r aao6-pgzts 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe atan.zj ag m66.8p-ouro an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed a2uzqvoyvev.:yq2( ( h t an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two vyror6:(qfx 0t+wom*u e2 uxl/ ery narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the centerur 0oerl2/6y*+q(xw u :o mfxt of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavegpa( tw92b e6blength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m ae awpbbg69( 2tway?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interference ia)n.kxd(r4n pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separnri (4)d ax.knation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mk: )mduysz*qq*xc p 31m apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a sc1s*k :cuq3y)p*q zmd xreen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of waveleng:pwqvurg/3 t;me4dy 7 th 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light woulm u7gtvyewdr: 3q/4p;d have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having p qttcyu v m3w5pd717e7arallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle dyuwqm t137v75pe7tc relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in r 9l; yrr-s1sdqobf*v-bsfo9,pg*l:Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter thes: r1ob s,f9g l-*y;dolpsb q9-fv r*r slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the thiijd ga i 4bo2(4n5jcbhqp58 -srd-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Lightp g(j585b boh4q-n4ijaidc s2 of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits sepaul dx:(uf* a/t.m wih 7syqn x3(yh1r*rated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screentwf *u 7h* /uyhxm1 .:3(x(syar liqdn 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 4zc j0 qlr 0(rp9diawys0.-2ls 80 nm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a doubr-11shstd7b 5 zdmxtt 3i9d92c olz (ole-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, i5-oz(2bxs3ct z d9ts1l19d dmr oith7s dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red l5a .7y5av ltpjight (700 nm) exceed that yp.tav j5l a75of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glassy bi ia;zvopgi4 .wc-x3 2n+g* at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light contdjoe,i-, hsm5y,ul/ih5: j vwaining two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440dhsc/4i ,;u sm mm wide, what is the full angular width of thu ish 4,md;/cse central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slo- 5yj.lta bb2it that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm fu j,: ((hhx )lcqrgzk*zic);valls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of ad /2u)vfsvg-/p *l2 zk:dlpythe central maximum (in cm) iy//d s puv kfz:al *vd-p)2lg2n the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelengtv+e4eht 1v)dqy9r bo2h 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of 1thv4qdev2r+oe 9 )yb the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central dyhl(6x y/t 2nz*044uu wpygukiffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illumina 4u zykylg /(6yph*wn2 40uuxtted by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on49j0nh zpj p4g a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center arj z0gnp4h9pj 4e separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single z/u wt,m l5htv3mm) 2stk6;t uslit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m awz/ m2um u6)vktw;tsh tt l5,3may. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the di g7ox2w )jkctnmz 23ayg9c3x.ffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide mj 7ty3akcz2n3.gcxo2 9 wg)x on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengj 47vwxa blb1+th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light3o :vfxc,1o2-d ncwtl produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose l1cn ooc,w3fdv x2:t-slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter doesn 1v,eytx7x6x a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 17vx t,eyx 1x6n8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a t: j2as /t+rgodiffraction grating is observed2j:tsr+t go a/ at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating has b0 290q(ibxacsdm0caa j ;ixd.wo6 fg.esh2- $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normal (3v) 5ig)gotfe0olxpb0s )only on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grauv2oz j(0wcn)awx:ozhvg3*:gze* 7 f ting with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 6 *wgv:3 zzjf*vgx)ohz7: aeuon02cw(33-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side of (g1*y)d zbs+rktv) ( gb(7phkwj +hd sthe central maximum whetrh (d7d+bz gsh*) 1v(y(kg wskb )p+jn white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a gratns5 8 lvnl;1y(gbol 4cing with 1sc4 lnb5ol8ygv (;ln$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which pr c2 .yv+of0-lw5 lchp6x 1/avrx gi/pkoduces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum 2*hn8qeh2f ay-uex q- lines are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm h ;6:ukry1u.(+zeoe lwuvaw *thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the o1u: + wuayrk*uo ;zwe(6h vle.uter surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glasymh0pwl/ozxe8vf i2 53t gpw; :3)nw ps plates are each 26.5 cm long:x)wghptw;nfz30 i2pyl5eo8 p3m/ vw?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness o6wq4gbyg + *hqfi ,+jof a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenii5,se a. fw3agqguu0-jl 7l6wxjy 04hsh yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31h3u8qrfvg 75q dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat h 3uqgqvr758fglass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of opticallpr0 4d4iksqtei8k- r+y flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are40kri8 pt +qskdi-r4e observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer y.uf ;- ch8pzfrsj )lt)k35-upxljw: be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright whe 3tsx-5)hp. wrjuuk )lfp;j-l8y fz:c n 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected ojtx9p9h/+vbix+o u7ga )uy v+ f being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohic:2t r0i:gq eol $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–3vle0ot- 9 y-fm1) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liqey9ot0m -v-fl uid?   

  What is the wavelength ofj v n7l3zt(/ 0kyu1z +ut.jfns the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted 1zv07tzlt+n y/3u kn f.(sujjwhen the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is conn*g c wnasr(-m3n1 iu:oected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What wc-soua rinn:m 13 g*(is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrohd7phj()foi 2 r $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an pd ej9jkw;48t:xv7tp interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container contai:t;ej84vjdxp9t kw7p ning a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 6m/lwb.u x rov9d1j9zs7 rp9:s5$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–gyf45em 2d0ngde4 i*+cabl ,e2 txvyv3 lass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle (g1d-m yxbg9i for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the 9(bx-gmdy 1gidiamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through thg a2hk41h1ru *be q2w exqt85eem is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that thegb wthr2 qhx e81 12akequ5*4e intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to rn xva )8v7z/qek00f eheduce the intensity of fv7az0q 8ex0)v h/kne the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented jd 5:k)b6fj+z:xk xy b mjj3l(at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriowqh,nywa3- .dsbe :,ented at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the s z7n6fh3qpis9onw85k0p x+g kurface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare+ ox6p7q 385gskiwh nf9k0npz to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Poiy-gm0,5 v+ 9qhdv btplaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes 5 dpt-+m vvhyg,9bq0i a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength s hs4 t4o h3v1hqo0c6f$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mch1hw0/s.+8ax boo 8 cfs /vykountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signal from the sxkobchsw8 +h 1//cos8 f0yv.a tation.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes+bkoo9bjmf9wl; gbn0 505im g0e bv0n through a diffraction grating with nbl5 0foe bb 05 ;v9m+gmgkio0j9b0wn$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through mg:jod/ x0d/ t2e g(vttwo narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-o/0(g/jte mg:ddvo2x trder fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz n;v n,sasd7p 52:l)yym huxx1: ip4aqbroadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. I;y4n:pxd i yh1sxas 5,mvp:l2 q)n a7uf the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an ok,s b0oul9n1 v,p:n9ht*mpip utside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring ru0b*,1 :pski,9nnvlhpmt o 9peflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls jsf:i 87fd/j1okcd8d on a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of paral,f)5jt0 3,oqb5se*vio urk zelel lines across them. When normally incident 460-bfi5, er zsk,0jeu)35to vq*onm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a g+71ws cufio4 l,war6p rating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any vis,6wof1 cwsr7ia pu +4lible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order susvw0*xkpfth7lx,k*1e6 tz ( 40l rkmpectra of white light produced by a diffractiozufxpel1 (tmv4kt* s76lwx0k, 0h rk*n grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium li yv*yvb+4 xn9fy -jqb0ght, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on au05jnq kzzb j f,fk:ao;7u 20v diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wav00f2zkbu: vj oqazn fk5j u;,7elengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refractirtus03nau(we); v r a 6(p4iihon of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm0a e3 hi;p64 vt(rns(uia)wr u is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normallyyc7ad:0o;w bqi 2 cix5 on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The refdiyic:a0xwo; 725qb clected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness neeo*(:.98xib ; b7y3tl jwf-rvayyhpmv ded for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) tg 5m)cyzq -prwj72n8ihickness for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is inciden)wr g2m-qicn y 57pz8jt normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a y fr, xool (9r69dcyli+xcqh*j)gq( 4thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a dia9 dc)o*( lhr(64jyixcqr+,y9g xoq lf gram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when mn 3xway(d1:(i c:yfn light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most strond m3afn1wiyyx(c(:: ngly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should tgv/ xb0x-lj+ lhe axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity o j 0+lxg/xb-vlf the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose t;:oa jd opiutxn08;/ zransmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 8 0;n d ijatuoxz/:p;o62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their :vfqfb8y 23vj axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and isor3s*( ktao/kho48g h pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam whensro3hg o4t ahok /k*8( it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed )syat0sns+ 3a at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap vm) yhqq,ss3; $(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz r:; 17pzauek(nzyp xn0 adio waves in phase with each other. They are located y0zk7;: p1ez anup xn(at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm a,mppomnc9 i)* nd 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass em*,)cnmoip p9quilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and o-4;gzq tt 2jv f.tgy7 uvro,2m7urmy 9ne with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm