Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could prfnfs g)e/ope77+ h 1znoduce a +n/pgf17fh 7ezone)s $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic engxr0z.jg(1 (,rlmn giergy is much greater thgg gm(.lnr,j1(0 zrixan its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of tf(ubafp,11 4n1 h*ytr, laamq .gk/p ohe antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact witpqaofyh*tb,a / u.nkp(fm 1 r1al, 41gh our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interact9 51 jgzn9hvm1w*qvoq ion?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessari6o8)mtfu/q g vly mean that the decay occurs viaft /q6v)gou 8m the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak intec msak21:ily3;vc if)hi8 uj6raction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) arl13imi;hy:6s2 uci ) 8vjf cake strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, ele7fg vu(nqinn6s bm 04/rx2 tj 7*lrong7/-unhctromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an elect7oi xmh/gurnuq/*bsv 40tg 6jn rlnf(77 2nn-ron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number el* ;g12bcdo 6kzd(l*xwje2o are conserved in each of the decays in Table 1; oodxzke2g*w clj6bl *(e2d32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagn-jl7(7o 8i:ufb xm mbjetic interacti7jm8um jbf 7(l xi:-boon?

Which of the particle ;.68rpdgj snki)bm3 q decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does 6a8)5z8:m9 jfu4ewhvxay epy $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays7gx5rik9ezo vg t;d3zx iq*, 2 in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactio vteio 5*x73 ,g2qrxzgd ;zk9in?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak ioa* zh,/4jh eqnteraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charggw qa4egwi:pat* n0y9k67i-o e o:qwawgn* toe yk7 -4ii g9a6p0r electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both dtj*io1 1qpgo,)4ens
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynami8w2+6okcb+ ihmxv f n2iyo83dcs, would it be possible to find particles made up of tb 2w yfo688h+i+k xond3ivmc2wo quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not wheh.x.9f,p;udrd e tr u2n they are inside the nucleus?,h ;9 2erxt.pd dufr.u

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whosu;lx8 xfkgv 2z/ d59w efwdj*1e kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E kj;ix h.x+wxf ;uuj7 yedsg ; q1(nc**=    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which5w.s5 hl-kng: whb0 cz protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in th ,s3jji-,c;m d+mavdw+ 4 wpkte 1.0,+; c3k,pdvj4dti -asmjm +ww-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerawvhb +vz:o 5x e(orx.1ted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detailskh p4 :*hagphfi v0 *db(c;jf8 of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a p;afvj:pg*f4(d8 0*ichkb hhnucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do paz,l7 bky6e1 7 (ul: (fxbttyzrotons make to reach a kineticbty zeb(t7u,k 6x :yl (1lzfa7 energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt)6qkxu/ufg..egqy t 7 0yy ab5h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deul4yx 8 g, )mq;yc- ubq0l2nzkrterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets f0blf f(5x4w hfqh9q-i or the Large Hadron Colliderlwqb ( hqhff4-5fxi90 (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab T( +;+hbcyh5otbb +uqp dh1lt 0evatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each t cu1b+t 0h(;p+5+hboqtdyh lburn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy*stl + ur15icmqc .xz0 /u-tsl of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radiush*oc: ;bh(9t yck 9abw Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeVch (b ac;wykh:bo*9 t9 protons? B =    T

  How much energy is rew lv)73v ldo)k)m0h:q q etj7ileased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a s */whk w,w+6kqfrc q($\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a hy ; spc5,fbl/neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strc+-4*ht: nbjk n)pa 7zcrfm/e4i3zz-z(bb ob ong force if the mediating particle were the kaon i/z: -zk)o-e4ib*bn(z+j 3mah4cnc zrbtbp 7f nstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kq).nn *zjkf;m inetic energy must each have ijm k;)f .*qznnf a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neqe tfo)2 kplf,t:hrt20m t -o0utrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed t2 rf:k)2te0fo p0lott th ,qm-oward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the bqa*f u-w9nh0 W and Z particles as abon qw9*fa0 b-uhut 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons*icb +liveium2f2px+f /h1do)l9v+cfa63 gs produced when a proton and antiprotonfdp b ich fl+xvs*3iil921m e62+uca)ovf g/+ at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving moor92ope0 +jiu,k.t: *t i* wd:hx llljmentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the ,j e**u9 x tjll2phto.+0:iid:rlwk ophoton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produce:9 tnkf0 : qqvn/vrvc8d when an electron and a posn vq:ctv9f80/qvk:nr itron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays y*tvk 0s y+r348h+,crjef oyjare possible? For those forbidden, explain 4j+t v ,rsecfoykryj3y*+ 08h what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of w66vw4wt f7jwfwxwq8 -wsi4* each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the elect uk/ 3*e;q;a 9vlkv.daylgtt +ron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate th+2 qcdrce-t w;e energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of u2k:sao,p g+x the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thep mbhu)gow y);q9rp8 jkg2n 2; $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertaint uxfx)+hdl:fix g2);q8alxi 4y) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For t::lfzg4nl pxq3k v / e2qv/px0hose that are forbidden, explain which laws are vkgx l/p: e4q x:fnz/p02lv3v qiolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,ecbdr/u 01e 4q (c) acr e0 qd41u/be $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark +rpi5 9li mn6kcombinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination n(. ;rjffc)lw c rg2di+v1r1oyeeded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman dia opet.1bk2 yi3-5.+lm(oqexp ;g muumgram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction e.;2tx(p3 mkem ul+.gypb 5o1qu-mo i$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fc4zu+ jko9alr(40 itpor the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a protonp84:d-soizn7pz numje- l,5 g whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavel ls 5 -:7ize-znug,8 njo4mppdength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1. de;l8 p(ju1zmx6p)xs*tn dx-0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximatel1tj-dn)s6xx zpl* dupem (8x;y how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released whezecgfybd c6mhz:877t(u4* n jn an electron and a positron annihilate each othere(uz cd fzbm 7n87*4:yt6j chg? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possib-,o9+dvd k3t vfof 4oqle, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, e4otf3v d9, dqk-+o ovfxplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following o,onx1k41gn sq *f afo.-v:.kjlwb0greactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbx-,.1ka:1o gkq .lf no gn0sbwojvf*4idden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a5 ooo4opojz 0(dm6ebi0 qj v28 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abou3 ue*w dyo t1v+;bi+knt $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactioxl i8;,tlpb;35xo he jns, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. l 3ip5, ;xel8ot;h jxb $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for tmdi* iqma8ngj2 77(mvd ne-p;he reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermion7 pg*5 lhp)ip):qtp xfs are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate eachq0;if tk) a whq,90oyz other at rest and produce two pions, ,t oq y;q0afwhi0z9)k $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dista3 a37-dln gjuunce of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measuph3x2u i qr0(vred in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring vq2 r p(0hxiu3any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing part e )2nuck8/ttaicle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descri+biiv uu(:)27h veatjbe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s5ti/ sjs5ur 7u5)t8cdcgv 2nr peed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?