Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produc *t/sq*-(gjg hsb t.jce a sch*.g(j/ *ts jbq-gt$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at h c 3pjprs9;zywq;k:5 very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than iy9z;qjw;phs pc:r k 53ts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of noj5 qgx,u.snofgj 24m:rmal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, m,gx5: 4f jusn.g2omqjade of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals vkjrt5zhj6 ; -0,duxathe electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of .o xlh8es7:h m;8gy //dhdspaa particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutri/e:7o;g8 h h./shaxdsldmy 8pno? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the wo ,dsn):me4sm:hja19m 0ktceeak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly i04s9m mha:tscnoe:)kd m,e1jnteracting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitatuk mj)b/ay5 ou :-z0 b;ficuc.ional) does an electron take part mu f;abbz.yk5/c j-u :)uioc0in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the deca61f1sda vw mq3ys in Table 32-2.3wf 1smdqa16v

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2w7g- d rt)9eph occur via the electromagnetic interacti-t 7rdew)h9g pon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 9rip)ubkhx 0132-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does5v 9fe6vra) o3wi);ck 1sr/bus *insz $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the elecnm z6t 3j* gm(s*tiy.itromagnetic interactm s .yt*jtmi(zn*3gi6 ion?

Which of the particle dec tjj9ub29i n 6u kadc/v41df+pays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had noemx8y/ ;ip7(1rd azlekn5 v7sqt(a20 z7 fxte color charge or electrical charge, and di8 0(yaei( r7527f;/ vznske l7xtmpqt1a xzde d not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be boif 8 (4txi(zxbth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynams4q4thx yx8 8fx-q:uy3gmb wti8n5xy2 0 brh 1ics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two q31b:r 4txfy5 m80 hiubq4tqy y8xg-wxh8n x2suarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside t(ec.pkn)5dk6pv* fyb he nucleus?k .5*pdnve(pckby f)6

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Gef9o2 nf31s3f5hw6 f y 5bztzqtV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengh6p jdy;6v;n*rf;g ib th of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which proip0uqp.6r1g p 3 6,g2twp cjlbtons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enes7ppq)a nlwwy:a 82/drgy proton in the)adn: lw2 7p8/spy waq 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerate g4,1e cefltn4)p d5omd $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particd 6gr+*v k)sle*cnvm8 les or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nde lv c**g8mk6r)s+vnucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How maz( duz 6jop 1+c/wfj-nny revolutions do protons make toc+n6u 1f jw-/zpdzjo( reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengto f0-ib 5wc3mrh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius(:cg epuhcsci*4la : . of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tuo3gvpfe;x, jh 0u6*5kjac:b j nnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy cu0 ,*fap o5;3vehk6jj:g xjb7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Feqq1wxa (k4/iuo ectxy(20s+wk, 2sd kgw h-2x rmilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to thq(kx xo s uw1i+/,qkywwgtc s4ax-e2k20 d2(he protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a part)lfj b8zu uc2r 12+cwkicle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-rad7wl (,(wninfb/cpj uvpt d d 0,s9c.0mius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B .p0,j/n (fsd d,wl0mvpbw(ti cunc 79=    T

  How much energy is released i6d(x (ky:nrh v7 rw:)ihokl/hn the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a n jv:p2,r)ubc $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to z);)+ikp4ddi m,zcf w produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating p2t3mm c3d,jr particle were the kaon instear 3mjmp3d,c t2d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward eace a4lem1qw::ah other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each hav1ee:a:wla4 mqe if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons ek qj 4x,3s.i xzgm)q4yvjys((ach have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, jys.jyi s (qz3m)4g4vx,q(k x and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the xry0ngox:8/dw30uv w W and Z xyo:8ud w 3n0vgr/x0wparticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twbfsg3/y w w-c.o photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? c/-gb. ws3wf y$2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum .qhkwc9tlk 7,and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With th7l.wk9q kt, chis result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wav)va(9 uct+ ,uelppd+wyu (,juelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate heyu ta++jp)(cuwdeu u,vlp, 9(ad on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactioncr3c4t8v ys2i,0q *zk e)v x hvci0wr8s and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what20vhc 0er*w84i,3kv yvicc t8x zs)q r laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy olm; tpmwh:baq;7izh8, s5( dxf each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron2yj5(gl,sng .d vt3oct 8hh o1 in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime8)os gz:tp:ie,5zzax of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o- titq q)6fmg9liz93uf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the,8v7eje u*mv4s4sym4tg 9o sssl j3kwx. u)-m $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy wm+* ()xlf7c vp3mmglzidth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, expl p0 tm4*c1ezw3 ,5 3wpzjgiykqain which laws are viol*3pp, k3wij1 y4c5et zmqzw0 gated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combik; 0ej ) kfh)sd;kx,ddnations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (hd;)k , kf x;de)ds0jkc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following qua8pn*b sdkiw43d 2lrx:+o 2og frk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination nep)o8ki9yuz/ s/ wg)eleded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram ushkq03:ymj uj hs4u89m 4cc ll8y(e ,uning quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactionjh3l e0u 4hqcn:u,c8y 4syklj9m(u 8m $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactibfp9 a+9 z4qwion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a protyyvr8 . ptc-b(on whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? b-c.tpr( y8yv
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius(gee amjmpnoih: /o;:+ s o,o/ Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revol:injoa/h o /m+;meog se(,:op ution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releashw +hera)) jkj.nqwxkf) sbe3 s+, 9s1akq q.*ed when an electron and a positron annihilate each other? k *. n,ajf q)x3)s.ahksjh1)e9 r kw+bwqe+sq$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and e+3 4lzrpcomt/8 foy. by what interaction could they occur? For those forotrz/. p lf8e3m4coy+bidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, .-y0xg :wqo3r gf yqg ;o2qm,kand by what interaction could they occur? For those:ro, 2 - yfq;k0.mowgx3qyg gq forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ew kttuw5 9u/ 6k kxsh/,mmnr-zs:0b+ $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at a2yzcze+fiss(k 20b h3bout $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions,83, qo.yftv,gv9i)ciy or6i s Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. fy 6 vcs.)tiogqoyi,983i ,vr $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value forg* *q):lz n(l+gsak zp2 / wr9+bhxizac: mj+s the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watertj1)ae oo rtyqt qnr 772gz,;3 molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprovrbk5.r gl1* n jtea2.ton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, v.bnrtl. j 1rgk e*52a$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance o 6mf0g r6x*vh7b lqyt6f $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in te. ctuh 5 ;lij7bj1y5aarms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV 1y5jahu5 at;cb l7i.j, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in thd w0sd*pb iw:0s-wm,r5if/i.drab 7v e following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to de*dsd 3 ,qd-(rnjdx 0ijd0d+nascribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lightpmb13(c);y*u b1dti ueg8j:rfyl ; on $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?