Give a reaction between two nur+dam ko: +h0acleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a a+d:koh +a0r m$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very h/a6ue,,mz5q)c3kmlvw *xc a aigh speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rex5ka/,luamc3ma ce q6,w)*v zst energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the co zg13*r( i*gd zm44ka pklpp2;7bprrenstituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in cazek2d p4pgzi3*r rm;74*( b gpkrl1pontact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagn9 1xnoa/ih5w g 5 jef7zi.,dsietic interaction?

Does the presence of a neui *1-w7h5hpc. s cg: chrgtr02 cgin0ztrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via th gcpc.0tcr hc 7g*h:sr0gznw 12-5iihe weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction tq be40wa*6;exsuv u7g+:hms even though the neutron and one of its dv0mh :*q6ws+t s u4e; x7geuabecay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactionsp:4uvi4o x-(e7aknwct ; ne.j (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutriei4nvcn.wp a (e4:xu ;k7-tjono? A proton?

Check that charge and baryo*o ai,8pu3e,zp moh ob+3 0 csz*6sspnn number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.0z+3o6bhss, oepispo*c*u,mp a 3n z8

Which of the particle decays iex3r,pj4p/-3z jxj z on Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacp ox33z jx4pe-j r,/zjtion?

Which of the particl5l7v/ jin4hbxgsouj t 127 agmc8pu 5)e decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and w:m bzupt -c/m3ifmn2s/ (vt 8rhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic tbwqv /,voe9g-,jqykr5 a4v 6interactio,,t evy4/gjv k oqb vrq569wa-n?

Which of the particle de plp;z5m mzyl3c-9oq 1cays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless,c u).bx ovf-k* had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Cou)c* v. -ofubxkld you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be boaznw;aa r 5gy3r:( gq4y9x2 toth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynami00b dam *t:(qm d:rvi)lo1xd lcs, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? Whatqt vmd)l0:xr 0(:1l di*a omdb about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are ins6uvf9k v 5lke c3si);vfk ,+zhide the nucleul 5kvzk6) k+v h9fsv c,i3fu;es?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineticr40ljecdv)bye 3v-ab f;-x,*di ao6q energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleduqh ntwx+eb 9.,7nv5ngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclot cnpz:cn . .izmml pw/;e+7+k;woltx8ron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very hig78h;b+mox bjo h-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accele+7mx;8ojhb borator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceleratddw,(m addfcgh 6q hk+1-ij02 ed $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details i j cvo:/0pvj4cn msvy jl:gl4)tt50 7of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Comjlti0gsvt:no4vm0c/l pj5)7 4:j yvc pare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutionkjey7f;)t8p6 py5znkr x) jb*+ut.mn s do protons make trkfby)jn.e8pxp u6t) k5t *+;ny7 zm jo reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengta087hxn1pu;mcwe wy 2h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deute;o eizv0in0+xu hx0i,rons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnwn c(:u)zm4eg +oxut :ewfhc1py5(j* ets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for protony: t w:(1 pfnmwxg c)*ze45cje+ huo(u beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilic97)earbscce51t ++f ime.fab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You ce.eftac+mi s7fcc51i eb)r9+ an assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particl wp tq9d3o,nsf6xa;q 8 g6;ynse (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is ne1 3sau8c l;rhgti q9u i,pogp778su4zeded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron l3u ,tr u7z8pho7;1sgg 894upi qicas for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the deck0djcosv38b, * fi)2.njui h cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energ+j// 5vy,i- jvqzeadh y is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to p ooqls 5i6 w)kpe3 a-6jvskq(qe +)/),iwyiblroduce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if1qi fl* 4i4ebi the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion.4i qbefl1i*i 4 $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kial)9bwb8st)l yji w,6netic energy must each have b),lw 6asjt8w9b i yl)if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mr kkc3+(ka*kv ust two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collidk(kk * vk3+acre, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3x.u/,xl lr. 8 fgi n(exzaf).v, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 r .xl .z)uxxaniv /(8e.g ,flfto $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengt1 m,mdonp5mg2.yvx 8 y16gslihs of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest a 5m .dn8mp1smogvglxyy, 12i6 nnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving mdmlt,3 8mgm655lmtbmomentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below) bm tlm85m6dtmg m53,l?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron anp 1q/yta; ;idti7na*ld a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate heayp;a; tq 1 a/7id*litnd on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following r hj7kmqzm3) a:eactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. )zj :mk aq7h3m
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of eacyq;3hsa0 n y0i zp/x86xaq6hhh of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the decac7o0fr n z8ywjt+s) x) rq;:pfy $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate thea(t/* m 7rn/;tu+uyte1dc own energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ohklb yc85p -h1f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width opmqcd(,we ub/ m 87m6lf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) o0ycz)q.yn bj:i p.ao. f
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those tuki n(o w:ximo, 5;,vshat are forbidden, explain which laws are vix:u iksv; owi,,n (m5oolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thav/vv ymd *w-v/t can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (cdv /yw*m v-vv/) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following q5tsf*i oes kokh7oq8 9y41fs5 08r iccuark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to pr)js 8cnwx v.lt7m 8(ws+ky r)foduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig.m:1dfd / yiu8x Below) for the reaction d: yf1i/u8 dxm$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagra3/b44o 3hm h4y all0hpiwftw5m for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kine +l,5ndky5nte 7n:xh1nem3cgg w1g1j tic energy is 25 GeV? What is its1w+ ggx ,n n13m5:nnd5ky7jlehe gc1t wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-stj3 4n6j ni4(6rpulwradius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are i(u 3w tjln64jprn4s6 accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released whi9tf h 7tg4m(xen an electron and a positron annihilate each t(4mtxih7 f 9gother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pov*o+- gcnly8 jssible, and by what interaction could they occur? Fcnv 8o-+*jly gor those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions;j/ d n4 tm1j6ejlau2k are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, eat1lj2 j64kdjnm u; /explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a y ln,ulfh5gth*220: mqb(y utk9lcn, $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak th:e*qfa5q ki kjsm4q *0 khx6v8 vzw1t/eory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value jvti .xep* y32for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. * 3pte2iy.x jv$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuextc ubr2z90a.9ja r5x8 afn a. for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions;som3oe zbn1d9o+ 3a f are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at reezx(vay ,77f :zh3uw 5ljv +cust and produce two pions, 7cz5z,au7ej: x3+l vhuwf( yv$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unic(d 7/bluv4 csziq)6: sbzu1p fication distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a rn(dba ;svs(j 1.;r-vpk/pjapjv*;b teference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignorvv-;pks j/(1.jr abtsdjn*pav; p(; bing any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the follo; wri)4u ;vbjqwing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the nrk h5smq -8tu-+4yxyreaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spe1xy e2 r8 svz9v:qzip/ed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?