Give a reaction between two nuammy2icj-y*-gsiet+5ln i-8z /xm: mcleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a xcm -ig/znema y5jtl 2y-:- m+msi*8i$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving ioy7 mt;0ab/0 l7 rxnuat very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energy (0 /uxn ;i b7m7ray0olt$mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constit7jtxe v3;iq p30c (3qresh-e guents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of ma3gtcre v-;sie jx(3p 07h q3eqtter?

What particle in a decay signgi252;o gh wjsals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessyp0lpv (:x)kc671 j fwubgl4d arily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weakc b1dkwv6xl u (jp0l:y4)p 7gf interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though th-+ifm,egt2 iv 5zll -we neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?mz,2vt w5li-g fle -+i

Which of the four intkux b zi+wn-v;v0)y5 ceractions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutriu vxcw)y v-;5+i0bnzkno? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the f ivuk/g1+o*t 4t/ 4; xwoaxrfdecays in Table 32/fuk r+v*4 w i/gt1 txfa4oo;x-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electpebmo i*(1h y,romagnetic interactione h*p my1bi,(o?

Which of the particle de lh,)p//s;mlsv zqr9 ecays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and 9pxu wh5+:o4gek;wa;v:)m aa7 qnw xm why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle dds2 +n-d*yhchw -wfvhir 5 -,oecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interact,vi fo hsnc-rh+hwd*-2-5y dwion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak intera+p,ph6v hmc qtb0v99dction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were at;4 eftsl :5sg kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the 5st;tgef4 ls: weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle zmangp 3r a/n 4 )ul5b-u1-efito be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be pokf2dp-q8 2t hkszjvw6:2g nr(u h6g/n ssible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarkz2hrq pd-62gg86/s2 (hkwk:nu jnf v ts?

Why do neutrons decay when the7)ka vecpf19y8i6mj: r rpi )ly are free but not when they are inside the nucleusa687f1j)c iimrke vp9rl )y:p?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a p)00ka**i)a ka ovreviroton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavele mqsl(vv giv- rayizsyc8,,454g x8 1dngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is ckj3xw)9t;w m g :qh-kused in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a v 8yf gjeroi6f 3k7qr:uv6-9esery high-energy proton in th37 8s- : ef6rvq6ekjgryiuof9e 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exampc*zk9au.ko 7t le 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out dcw.oqs u4dxrf; ud5moi t.( 2*etails of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths w.oxm 5 rdo;tuw2 (discq uf4*.ith the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. Hj6n-0gb o4 pycow many revolutions do protons make to reach a kib0cn yj64 gop-netic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt1y+1p:jjft recp+g4w h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate de)vjc yr52xk1juterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be 1g8-v bo zs -3o.dc.xpjmtf,wused to house the magnets for the Large Hadron z x1 c38o-op.jmv.ws,fbgt d- Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron 2 u;ujotet56 ctakes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given toj2tu o6uc5 et; the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particl )qy,ui 4x5nl7*9aqjz :aklcje (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-z(y0qko*ke 6+ *9pwzg 4 hbakyradius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protonk6zbeha*yyk +4o9q0z (*k wpg s? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decay/qpu6dm66+p/o z uejh $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whx.y/3xbgim poci,, c 1en a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineut :qw8t/l7bsd9jojq( v ron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong forceos92:.0hckk dyu *il t if the mediating particle were the kaon instead oftl:kd *h.uyc92kio0 s the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward eacsy q:6lmt2k f-h other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if a -2y:fmk 6lsqt$\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two)er,tin xle 3(b7u-kk neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each oxtr kbe(-)7nke3 , ulither, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range ofj h6mvrs357qbzl4 z:a the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particle j7zqmr:4lhbs6z va5 3s as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two p0edw c)hl. gj5hotons produced when a proton and antiproton at rgh 0d cl).we5jest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated 8zygb 0:+d.ys ewrxq4or gh)dg s -.7telectron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the pho ) qx8tyg.+s.bwzdd:reyh0r4s-g7o gton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavxao6 u/ue.cdft9 /g3 qelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 kc.q3d x a/e6g u9uf/toeV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thofid)a), /+if1vskyk z09xpkjse forbidden, explai d+k)i fs0/kaikjz fx)v9 1y,pn what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the tw0ftgg mq 8y9*4qdl w3co products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the e+w(l kxbxm9vd,: k; wd ;5occqlectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetimtq9:aqyn /dc2e of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of1dzm. xqrp0pf*l:bmj tjf., ; the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o;xlqalfv -.ba:7.uq g8un j1z f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (*ij61z8 /jopln(pbqe; bn s5ror uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the followi8qx ,+nos2esoh/3s rb ng decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violatx,q8o+3eshs / sro2bn ed.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combination /oambtp8sk to:2vk n8u+ 8,ohs that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) /vo ,o8 btpt+s88kmano khu2:a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the foq etw+ 0uw8/y(ncgrj(llowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combhf,ym wtfeq+ ll 7e:heqi /80*ination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Bel0v3 gcn+p5zl8kp87x4nqyaub ow) for the reaction 8zlb 50xv3qku48 +papcyng n 7$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reau-- fg8pgwm gg4/8 fk6lf pi,q rfpf2h7g3gx/ction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic jhsl)xmhi3q 5f5 47vc energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength?3) 5vfqh 7xlm5is4 chj
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with ah-c j48ys(alkvep2:dt0 siz; n energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reachi-: k ctj;0zhd8 (lp24es asvy 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an eleclr2 2jie5s8ezqs a /.gtron and a positron annihilate each oeqj/ .2li2 gesr5a sz8ther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and vqmn mg5+atr.b-+4wd by what interaction could they occur? For those mq 4v -r+wdbg.m+na5t forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following re2ib u(ljv,e z(actions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidde(( 2b, lejvuizn, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for anch:,y v ict.v x)tfr0 zc43)n $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occt-a(rk c.,ltxurs in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for 9rt) dnmc(ec rb5 p2v9producing a pion. d9v(p2crr)9b e5ctn m $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rei 1nnr-/s qq du(i-)noaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there xehvkpj;3gi)n3rmxn()m /k b4 )ke4 lin a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each otherqxu0 clqi2)b( at rest and produce two pions, 2q)bi0x uqc(l$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification diakjd x*r4:b0 izzexlf1 ;ds ,,stance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, m, x + utxlh5lfzv3s;a8easured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its x l;a+sh u3l8vtfzx 5,track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. zsx58j9rc ik)m/+g fn
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactize/ fgjuj:qzd5+-wleoa4 e92 on $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spe +j iorxjg 638kk2twb;jdd :5hv:odp6 ed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?