Give a reaction between two nucleons, similarsg (lv3q 1f 4wd0pq)ni to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a g(f0iw1pq3l 4dsq) vn$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is r chw 1j6sjx):7 mglcm9* gh8amuch greater thanlcx:h *6g7 9ar1mjjcg)m w8hs its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipartie df rshk8o,)zvunu*) l1pv40v0w iq5cles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimattvoui v4knzspwfe0r) v1ldq)h 08 ,u* 5er, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagneti5 n2e i3(tzj- n5ostqgc interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle nec 61dg m9xwct ,bk: sqd)/ff,llessarily mean that g6fq)wld/ s d :xmk,9t1f,lbcthe decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron ded9eq 5460myk6ddwi h fcays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (protoykd9 0e6iq4h w m5df6dn) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagn +p + t(vg:wujf9vry1getic, weak, gravitational) does an electron tvp1g yv+ wgrj9+:( tfuake part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon numbkr. a::s k(l+szkwx7zsky7 8t8tap9 aer are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-y s8pk7kr(7k8.za9wl +sa ska :t ztx:2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the c+3dds8a vf0eelectromagnetic interacti c+ s30fda8dveon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occub myjdku ps)pf8- 72n)r by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, d9d*i9e:k6b d, -x.5 axbyv hq*knfpnfoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particl4z75av x 7um)as7jh a8s+nrxqe decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction? 7q7hzur7 a5)ams xjn+v xs84a

Which of the particle:eo r x u)uanu:s6);pzc3 n9sg decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neu+q so 86ukc:chtrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this par 8ch:u6k+qos cticle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to gk,6y ;(e8*bglkt kj ybe both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynj (d-yuzx13vsczvl8r 5+l2fg amics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks sfc v luxl -5z2yr8(dgz31+vjand two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when the:qksd qa7.uqj1d 9pi7y are inside the nucleususji7q a:k dq. d971pq?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose1gb u ezaomk vxthexvo5p ( (6,2aq8 ;z/aq(f2 kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-co(2i m d7btu,GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field i/ ( l48jbryp vxjx/i.hs used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy protonk8+2x nou50e;zwquh h in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? nueqw h 8z2u0oh 5+xk; T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelvxvtu.x-mq9 lgm ,e 9*erated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha parth6t1ioxio).j b3s+2o 6 0ktd(zuc ysc9a-hgp icles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleo 3cjo 1) hpic2tt asu(z. 096 gkdbiooxhy-6s+n in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions qkw r/8vfw(5s do protons make to reach a kinetic e58fv sw/kq(wrnergy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt5 i2x/x5tf v8ip ajh+kh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m i l4j:hun2l7hwyq52 fcblt4 3zs to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be us:7xj5wp,2c /yxpmn p emc:wg) +ed:xm ed to house the magnets for the Large Hd,pxxgm725e+:c:m:p cnp j xw/wym)eadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron ; (dy 8q0b,hutf,vaeq takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the ener( u,a8qb;tfh d,eyv0qgy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy np30rir4*dg y of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is fd-dkpp;/k- o needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons?k/-o pdf- ;pkd B =    T

  How much energy is released c .z //rta thic .vyiozl/5)-c8cxe n*,c gsq1in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasekk f,l) wd3ghbh0. un(d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineut.ae- )ra.vi. yeisi h+ron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if .v0a rpm 2trm)10ckpkthe mediating particle were the kaon instead of thec2p)rk .mk av1mpt00r pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other withg2t)u2/hq z -*y epsio equal speeds. What minimum kinetic ene/i s*tg yez)2 q2-uhoprgy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mu 1)rls7,blmmqoz 1v w/st two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, andvm slm7/)1 qor1zw b,l produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force633azq v-bgsui p, v1f3a .cmgvav4)g using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as abo v) i bm3zav,a3ac.gg-fus14p6v q3v gut 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons pro hs.98 ig5onmeduced when a proton and antiproton at hi5 e8ons9m.grest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving m/l mjdif8u 4kic,;p )uomentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electi84jl/ cd ;f, pimuuk)ron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons ,7cxrmedgesiz q1gpo,2 0tr 1zi 7n,,produced when an electron and a positron, each i 7pt x,oqgi1r71,ms,nzce 2der z0 g,with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions-dgxxdjt2 h g46a; w.a and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. wx. jga4xd2 d ht6;ag-
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kineti- nqn/gfw8h x)d19ksj c energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the elec35h4 va-kvn0 mbalsp0 tron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate tf .zq-n4tn; ylygn+ss6ih8txbf79d . he energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th *fwrhc+2 td)ye $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 6h1 m:27mhxa 2-w 0uuhhrjlrz$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or07 4u(grr8:b xlpi, sk hia.pd uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbiddenlg/+lncu)ydm 9 6i)a td*w/qk, explai dk9n*lul/ ) /d6gcwytmai+)qn which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) aeuyzf( c.zuq3j2a)o uac7 e6 8n antineutron, cuaz eq63u yz)e.c7(8u2jaof(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combi9w5a2k8k)gp(qf7n lj v)rr ) /tvrp bcnations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produkzs.i5vdc;kn vl1 ki,92ya+cf l 9ed9 ce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Bel a0)n2+ u8fvq vgujod-ow) for the reaction avvgj )nf-u 0 2o8dqu+$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the r f6sf z17, eoq3vlakq-eaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy ii,a xg1f*q-cf s 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? af,icxqf 1-*g
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an /x y0wm4:xwoj energy of 150 GeV. If theyj0/x4ywwmx:o are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a posit(v.bbm.o o.p 6j/bwkaron annihilate each othkoa bop/ v.bw .(jm6b.er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followieb0 t n t4yzgaqvm;h 8*ye)hji/*c+j9ayuo5/ng reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those for*iq8 */aucy0h+;j env tzybymo5 teg)/ha 9j4bidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could s(5q ,aq o0x 4phy;mdb:um e*.az*illl v(xf0they occur? For0 5dh0 e;u lvlax*pqsmay( o4lz, m(*bq.x:i f those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 5e-qr ;awslz* $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electro;c)i9-uxj ckqweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pcgkjytj,k m2m,302s yion.3m, c y,j gkjyt2s0k2m $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for70wb)r79t t ahhk6em,:t eunl the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferm6wr 5 zcd*+ma2j3wmqrions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce t bt8 0e)kwae (ls3kny,wo pions, l8weya s(0)3k,bet n k$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifiui7jp3v9 0zw dcation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, mea o,()o 4si c1ysurv6xzsured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau uo6yco r 1vzxss4(), ilepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following rt2p39p z2b)vpe u3v d-vcg 7sbeactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to dkhau.efgk5b:, ou)b8 , fi9hx escribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lt 5shr6j oa7he 0ai4ny9 lz9+il/x e2fight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?